<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233</id><updated>2012-01-26T22:24:12.761+08:00</updated><category term='quadrature'/><category term='Flaw'/><category term='力迫法'/><category term='數論'/><category term='邏輯'/><category term='曆法'/><category term='Pure Mathematics'/><category term='龐卡萊猜想'/><category term='events'/><category term='generating function'/><category term='Euler characteristics'/><category term='missile'/><category term='歷史'/><category term='Hilbert'/><category term='自然對數'/><category term='數獨'/><category term='pairing'/><category term='auction'/><category term='geometrical axioms'/><category term='prime'/><category term='數學競賽'/><category term='數學歸納法'/><category term='mathematician'/><category term='submarine'/><category term='導彈'/><category term='linear algebra'/><category term='number theory'/><category term='sports'/><category term='除號'/><category term='錯誤'/><category term='probability'/><category term='limit'/><category term='Topological groups'/><category term='求籤'/><category term='反證法'/><category term='mathematical induction'/><category term='Cube'/><category term='集體回憶'/><category term='multiple'/><category term='體育'/><category term='Mathematical Excalibur'/><category term='mathematics conference'/><category term='選擇公理'/><category term='information theory'/><category term='智力題'/><category term='logic'/><category term='logarithm'/><category term='猜想'/><category term='LegCo'/><category term='block voting'/><category term='fortune telling'/><category term='PCIMC'/><category term='拍賣'/><category term='preliminary round'/><category term='小學'/><category term='質數'/><category term='奧運'/><category term='選舉制度'/><category term='geometry'/><category term='MO'/><category term='數學家'/><category term='極限'/><category term='多議席全票制'/><category term='special numbers'/><category term='context free grammar'/><category term='網站資源創作比賽'/><category term='math story'/><category term='Taylor Series'/><category term='differential geometry'/><category term='足球'/><category term='立法會'/><category term='潛艇'/><category term='經典題'/><category term='世界盃'/><category term='三角'/><category term='幾何'/><category term='數學魔術'/><category term='mistake'/><category term='洛必達法則'/><category term='natural logarithm'/><category term='奧數'/><category term='帽子問題'/><category term='projective plane'/><category term='圓周率'/><category term='MAC'/><category term='Additional Mathematics'/><category term='數學會議'/><category term='外圍賽'/><category term='test your intuition'/><category term='markov chain'/><category term='質數檢驗'/><category term='catalan number'/><category term='小四'/><category term='Fixed point theorems'/><category term='induction'/><category term='analysis'/><category term='combinatorics'/><category term='bet'/><category term='world cup'/><category term='geometrical construction'/><category term='配對'/><category term='chessboard'/><category term='infinity'/><category term='conjecture'/><category term='football'/><category term='三角形'/><category term='倍數'/><category term='活動'/><category term='除法'/><category term='不等式'/><category term='賭博'/><category term='ACM'/><category term='generalization'/><category term='Proof'/><category term='Poincare conjecture'/><category term='ideal map'/><category term='覆蓋問題'/><category term='座標'/><category term='election system'/><category term='Stirling&apos;s Formula'/><category term='遞歸關係'/><category term='supremum'/><category term='微分幾何'/><category term='sorting'/><category term='countability'/><category term='幾何作圖'/><category term='scholarship'/><category term='noise stable'/><category term='博奕論'/><category term='泰勒公式'/><category term='象棋'/><category term='扭計骰'/><category term='Game Theory'/><category term='組合數學'/><category term='集合論'/><category term='fourier transform'/><category term='四捨五入'/><category term='資訊分析'/><category term='無窮'/><category term='對數'/><category term='exhibition'/><category term='rearrangement'/><category term='log'/><category term='joke'/><category term='academic seminar'/><category term='circular reasoning'/><category term='數學笑話'/><category term='心算'/><category term='primality test'/><category term='l&apos; Hôpital rule'/><category term='recurrence relation'/><category term='series'/><category term='整除性'/><category term='Pell&apos;s Equation'/><category term='概率'/><category term='Symplectic geometry'/><category term='心慌方'/><title type='text'>數學資料庫手記</title><subtitle type='html'>數學資料庫 (&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/&lt;/a&gt; 及 &lt;a href="http://eng.mathdb.org/"&gt;http://eng.mathdb.org/&lt;/a&gt;)是香港其中一個最大型的數學網站，由一班來自香港各間大學及美國多間大學的數學系、物理系、精算系、建築系、電子工程系的學生建立。數學資料庫旨在於網上提供豐富的數學資源。我們上載了不同種類和數學相關的教學資料，是同學們一個好的參考網站。</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>251</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8797735112754079440</id><published>2011-12-28T22:27:00.006+08:00</published><updated>2011-12-28T23:02:19.232+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Wolfram Alpha 捉蟲記</title><content type='html'>之前說過 Wolfram Alpha 功能十分強勁，但偶爾也會出現一些問題。最近發現問題比想像中多，例如我嘗試輸入「ellipse with foci (1,0) and (-1,0) and passing through (2,1)」：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IPSaTFHXI-s/Tvsu0uBm5-I/AAAAAAAAACI/yND4Tr3XIWY/s1600/wolfram.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 235px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5691194037355603938" border="0" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IPSaTFHXI-s/Tvsu0uBm5-I/AAAAAAAAACI/yND4Tr3XIWY/s320/wolfram.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;大家知道，給定兩個焦點和橢圓上的一點，便可把橢圓固定，可是 Wolfram Alpha 的結果卻指結果跟離心率（eccentricity）有關。再看真點，上圖的橢圓根本就不穿過 (2,1)……&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;是 Wolfram Alpha 看不明「foci」和「passing through」嗎？「Input interpretation」顯示它是看得懂的。再者，大家可以試試「circle with centre (1,0) and passing through (2,1)」，會得到正確的結果，所以這應該是一條真正的「蟲」吧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;最後，請有心人向 Wolfram Alpha 報告錯誤吧。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8797735112754079440?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8797735112754079440/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8797735112754079440' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8797735112754079440'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8797735112754079440'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/12/wolfram-alpha.html' title='Wolfram Alpha 捉蟲記'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IPSaTFHXI-s/Tvsu0uBm5-I/AAAAAAAAACI/yND4Tr3XIWY/s72-c/wolfram.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8343501084386021583</id><published>2011-11-26T21:12:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2011-11-26T21:35:41.971+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='概率'/><title type='text'>四條青龍</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://big5.chinabroadcast.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/27824/2011/11/25/5411s3450698.htm"&gt;外電報導&lt;/a&gt;，英國四名老人玩撲克牌時，每人獲發的 13 張牌都是「一條青龍」（即同一花式的 A、2、3、…、Q、K）。報導中提及，「數學家們稱出現這種情況的概率為 1/2235197406895366368301559999」。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;報導是否屬實無從考究（即使屬實，不當的派牌方法也可以大大提升出現「四條青龍」的概率），但這個概率卻奇怪非常。分母的最後四位數字都是 9，未免太過巧合了吧？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;懂得基本數算方法的讀者自然知道，計算分母的公式是 &lt;a href="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?C^{52}_{13}\times%20C^{39}_{13}\times%20C^{26}_{13}\div4!"&gt;&lt;img style="WIDTH: 164px; HEIGHT: 21px; CURSOR: hand" border="0" alt="" align="absMiddle" src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?C^{52}_{13}\times%20C^{39}_{13}\times%20C^{26}_{13}\div4!" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;，而考慮 2 和 5 的因子的話，明顯可以看到這個數的個位數字應是 0。大家不妨用電腦計算一下（例如可以用上回提到的 &lt;a href="http://www.wolframalpha.com/"&gt;Wolfram Alpha&lt;/a&gt;），這個數應是 2235197406895366368301560000，即比報導中的數大了 1。大家不妨競猜一下，2235197406895366368301559999 這個數是如何得出來的。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8343501084386021583?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8343501084386021583/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8343501084386021583' title='1 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8343501084386021583'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8343501084386021583'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/11/blog-post_26.html' title='四條青龍'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-758354975195930023</id><published>2011-11-19T23:09:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2011-11-19T23:26:51.261+08:00</updated><title type='text'>錯誤</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.wolframalpha.com/"&gt;Wolfram Alpha&lt;/a&gt; 奇景一攝：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-z2YrDM9ye8M/TsfHQUbN2YI/AAAAAAAAAB8/j6Iux3myj1Y/s1600/wolfram.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 197px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-z2YrDM9ye8M/TsfHQUbN2YI/AAAAAAAAAB8/j6Iux3myj1Y/s320/wolfram.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5676724938498496898" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;計算 log 8 / log 3 時，Wolfram Alpha 在預覽中顯示 1.98539...。大家都應該感覺到有問題，因為這個值不應該這麼接近 2。當我按下 Enter 後，得到的結果卻是 1.89278...。再輸入 log 8 / log 3，又在預覽中得到 1.98539...，於是出現了以上的奇景。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;你是否已經想到 1.98539... 是怎麼來的？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;順帶一提，這個 Wolfram Alpha 功能十分強勁，對於一般人來說，幾乎可以處理任何會遇到的數學問題，而且不用學習甚麼語法。大家不妨試試輸入「x^2-5x+7=0」、「minimise x^2+y^2-x subject to x+y=1」和「sum of factors of 2012」等來作試驗，甚至和數學無關的東西如「president of usa」和「weather today」也可以，很多你沒想過的東西它也能做到。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;說回以上「謎題」。1.98539... 自然是 log (8 / log 3) 吧。這個問題是否有點&lt;a href="http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/04/blog-post_12.html"&gt;似曾相識&lt;/a&gt;？我原意想計 (log 8) / (log 3)，系統把我輸入的「log 8 / log 3」視為 log (8 / log 3) 並不奇怪，然而為甚麼按 Enter 後，它卻會變回 (log 8) / (log 3)？這也真夠詭異。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-758354975195930023?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/758354975195930023/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=758354975195930023' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/758354975195930023'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/758354975195930023'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/11/blog-post.html' title='錯誤'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-z2YrDM9ye8M/TsfHQUbN2YI/AAAAAAAAAB8/j6Iux3myj1Y/s72-c/wolfram.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-2785138829465016508</id><published>2011-10-26T18:15:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2011-10-27T09:11:13.230+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='小學'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='小四'/><title type='text'>小四題目被批太難</title><content type='html'>讀了台灣的一則當地新聞，一名家長因小孩的一道數學題難度過高而訴求於網絡世界，據說還有教授稱該題目很不人道雲雲，一齊看看吧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--- A B 兩自然數作相乘，如果A十位的"1"看成"7"，結果多了 4140，把B十位的"6"看成"4"，結果少了2240。---&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;乍看好像不容易，也許會立刻想到要立方程解難。且慢，這是小學水平哦，不過細心想想也應該不難。筆者的意見：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. 首先逐步拆解，也就前一半後一半來看，別想得太複雜，也別老想著一步完成。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. 其次要對十位有一個良好概念，把"1"看成"7"，就應該想到A 這數字的十位多了"6"， 也就是總共多了"60"。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. 再者就可以把乘法形象化，原本有一堆蘋果(A乘以B)或(B乘以A)，把A看成箱子，現在A多了60箱，總共多了 4140個蘋果。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. 用除法4140/60求得一箱有多少蘋果，即B。同樣想法做後半，得A。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;不錯，你也許心裡想著，小學生哪容易記得住這些數學概念。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;最後，究竟小學幾年呢？還是要開估的，答案：小四。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;筆者已經憶不起小四的我數學是到哪個程度了，所以也無法假裝客觀地評論這題目的水平適不適合，留給大家看看想想好了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;來源：&lt;a href="http://www.ttv.com.tw/100/10/1001024/10010244932908L.htm"&gt;http://www.ttv.com.tw/100/10/1001024/10010244932908L.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-2785138829465016508?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/2785138829465016508/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=2785138829465016508' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/2785138829465016508'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/2785138829465016508'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/10/blog-post.html' title='小四題目被批太難'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-708842751519170070</id><published>2011-09-29T15:04:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2011-09-29T15:23:38.562+08:00</updated><title type='text'>最難的數獨</title><content type='html'>最近看到一篇&lt;a href="http://www.8news.com.tw/archives/5046"&gt;文章&lt;/a&gt;，關於「全球最難的數獨」。該數獨遊戲其中 23 格是給定的，而且只有唯一答案。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;不過我卻不太明白，憑甚麼認為這是「全球最難」呢？第一，就我所知，存在一個只給定 17 格且有唯一解的數獨。第二，除了一些極端例子外，一個數獨問題的難度跟它給定的格數和解的數目其實沒有明顯關係。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;要量化一個數獨問題的難度我想是可以的，這裡談談我一個粗略的想法：先數數有多少格是可以經過「一層推理」得出答案（例如：由於同一橫行已有 1、2、3，同一直行已有 4、5、6，同一 3x3 大方格已有 7、8，所以這格必定是 9），再數數有多少格可以經過「兩層推理」得出答案（例如：經過第一層推理得知這格只能是 8 或 9，如果是 8 的話，那麼 xxxxxxx，所以出現矛盾，因此這格必定是 9），如此類推。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;至於上文的那個數獨問題，我沒有試做過（由於推理方式變化不多，個人並不特別喜歡解這類問題），但驟眼看下去似乎也看不出為甚麼它是「全球最難」的。大家有興趣挑戰一下嗎？&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-708842751519170070?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/708842751519170070/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=708842751519170070' title='1 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/708842751519170070'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/708842751519170070'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/09/blog-post.html' title='最難的數獨'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-3965369251560787898</id><published>2011-09-14T00:01:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2011-09-14T00:03:18.437+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='joke'/><title type='text'>Quadratic Formula by IRS</title><content type='html'>不知道在香港的人能否get the point，但若在美國工作過一年而又懂一點high school數學的話應該會覺得好正。&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.amherst.edu/~djv/irs.pdf"&gt;http://www.cs.amherst.edu/~djv/irs.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-3965369251560787898?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/3965369251560787898/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=3965369251560787898' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3965369251560787898'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3965369251560787898'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/09/quadratic-formula-by-irs.html' title='Quadratic Formula by IRS'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-5524401406738292760</id><published>2011-08-12T01:07:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2011-08-12T01:35:12.767+08:00</updated><title type='text'>MD招募廣告</title><content type='html'>數學資料庫現正招聘兼職行政助理及IT助理，有關詳情請參閱:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/2011/Job2011.pdf"&gt;行政助理&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/2011/(IT)%20Job2011.pdf"&gt;IT助理&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-5524401406738292760?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/5524401406738292760/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=5524401406738292760' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/5524401406738292760'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/5524401406738292760'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/08/md.html' title='MD招募廣告'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-5699024297933749925</id><published>2011-07-03T14:40:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2011-07-08T12:55:41.183+08:00</updated><title type='text'>MD Academic Seminar</title><content type='html'>數學資料庫於七月舉行的 academic seminar 的詳情如下：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;日期：2011 年 7 月 10 日（星期日） &lt;br /&gt;時間：下午 4 時 30 分至 6 時 &lt;br /&gt;地點：香港中文大學 邵逸夫夫人樓 222 室 （ CUHK LSB 222 )&lt;br /&gt;講者：梁嘉珮小姐（2010 年女子數學奧林匹克香港代表隊成員） &lt;br /&gt;講題：補選？不補選？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;========================================= &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;最近，社會就政府提出修改香港立法會的補選方法展開激辯。在講座中，我們會從數學和非數學角度分析不同的選舉制度，並嘗試找出各種選舉制度（尤其是本港立法會地區直選現行的比例代表制）下最理想的補選方法。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Recently, there has been much controversy over a proposed change to the by-election system of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. In this seminar, we shall take a look at some mathematical and non-mathematical issues of electoral systems, and try to explore the best by-election system under different electoral systems, especially for proportional representation, the system currently used in the geographical constituencies in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-5699024297933749925?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/5699024297933749925/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=5699024297933749925' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/5699024297933749925'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/5699024297933749925'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/07/md-academic-seminar.html' title='MD Academic Seminar'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-5132012376731511474</id><published>2011-06-09T21:17:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2011-06-09T22:18:42.385+08:00</updated><title type='text'>指數問題一則</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;在香港高級程度會考的純粹數學科中，卷二的乙部第一題一般是曲線描繪（curve sketching）。要描繪其圖像的函數間中會牽涉「非整數次方」，例如 x&lt;sup&gt;3/4&lt;/sup&gt;。當 x 是負數時，這會引起很多問題（但描繪曲線時我們確實需要考慮 x 是負數時的情況）。舉例說，(-8)&lt;sup&gt;2/6&lt;/sup&gt; 等於多少？&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;甲&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;同學：怎麼考評局這麼不小心啦，&lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cdpi%7B100%7D%20%7B%5Ccolor%7BBlue%7D%5Cfrac26%7D" width="9" align="absmiddle" border="0" height="35" /&gt; 是可以約簡成 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cdpi%7B100%7D%20%7B%5Ccolor%7BBlue%7D%5Cfrac13%7D" width="9" align="absmiddle" border="0" height="35" /&gt; 的啊，所以 (-8)&lt;sup&gt;2/6&lt;/sup&gt; = (-8)&lt;sup&gt;1/3&lt;/sup&gt;，即 -8 的立方根，也就是 -2 啦。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;乙同&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;學：&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;(-8)&lt;sup&gt;2/6&lt;/sup&gt; 即 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;(-8)&lt;sup&gt;1/6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt; 的 2 次方，可是&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;(-8)&lt;sup&gt;1/6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt; 即 -8 開 6 次方，這是不可能的，因為任何實數的偶數次方都不可能是負數啊&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#0000ff;"&gt;，所以它不是實數&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;丙&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;同學&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;：我不同意乙同學的看法。我看過數學資料庫手記的一篇&lt;a href="http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/05/blog-post.html" target="_blank"&gt;文章&lt;/a&gt;，裡面提到處理實數的過程中是有可能離開實數世界的，所以沒有問題啦，&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;(-8)&lt;sup&gt;1/6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt; 應該等於 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cdpi%7B100%7D%20%7B%5Ccolor%7BBlue%7D%5Csqrt2i%7D" width="26" align="absmiddle" border="0" height="17" /&gt;（大家不妨驗證一下，&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;&lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cdpi%7B100%7D%20%7B%5Ccolor%7BBlue%7D%5Csqrt2i%7D" width="26" align="absmiddle" border="0" height="17" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt; 的 6 次方的確等於 -8 啊），所以 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;(-8)&lt;sup&gt;2/6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt; 應該等於 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;&lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cdpi%7B100%7D%20%7B%5Ccolor%7BBlue%7D%5Csqrt2i%7D" width="26" align="absmiddle" border="0" height="17" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt; 的 2 次方，也就是 -2 啦，這跟甲同學的答案不謀而合。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;丁同學：我們不是學過 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cdpi%7B100%7D%20%7B%5Ccolor%7BBlue%7Da%5E%7Bm/n%7D=%5Csqrt[n]%7Ba%5Em%7D%7D" align="absmiddle" border="0" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt; 的嗎？因此 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cdpi%7B100%7D%20%7B%5Ccolor%7BBlue%7D%28-8%29%5E%7B2/6%7D=%5Csqrt[6]%7B%28-8%29%5E2%7D=%5Csqrt[6]%7B64%7D=2%7D" width="213" align="absmiddle" border="0" height="21" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt; 呢。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;到底誰的演繹才正確？&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;p&gt;首先，你可以說丁同學的說法是不穩妥的，因為他用到的那一條指數定律在 a&amp;gt;0 時才成立（數學書是這樣寫的）。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;那麼乙同學的說法也同樣有問題了，他不是用到 a&lt;sup&gt;mn&lt;/sup&gt; = (a&lt;sup&gt;m&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt; 這條指數定律嗎？這也需要 a&amp;gt;0 的啊（數學書也是這樣寫的）！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;丙同學也用了 a&lt;sup&gt;mn&lt;/sup&gt; = (a&lt;sup&gt;m&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt; 這條指數定律，而且對於 (-8)&lt;sup&gt;1/6&lt;/sup&gt; 的值的「驗證」也是不穩妥的（例如，(-2)&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; = 64，那我可以說 64&lt;sup&gt;1/6&lt;/sup&gt; = -2 嗎？）。&lt;p&gt;甲同學呢？他說 (-8)&lt;sup&gt;1/3&lt;/sup&gt; 即 -8 的立方根，「a&lt;sup&gt;1/n&lt;/sup&gt; 即 a 的 n 次方根」這句說話究竟對 a&amp;lt;0 是否成立？這個有點複雜，因為這牽涉兩個定義，就是「a&lt;sup&gt;1/n&lt;/sup&gt;」和「a 的 n 次方根」。這個姑且不談，(-8)&lt;sup&gt;2/6&lt;/sup&gt; 一定要等於 (-8)&lt;sup&gt;1/3&lt;/sup&gt; 的嗎？&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;（如果 x=y，那麼 a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;x&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; 一定要等於 a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;y&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; 的嗎？我們知道，如果 f 是函數，那麼當 x=y 時，必定有 f(x)=f(y)，可是 f(x) = a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;x&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; 是函數嗎？對 a 的值有任何要求嗎？）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;看到這裡，大家也許都感到天旋地轉了。我說了這麼多，究竟哪一個才是正確的答案？&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;p&gt;我的結論很簡單：哪個是正確答案視乎你如何定義。而就我所知，最常見的定義方法是不對負數的非整數次方下定義，即 (-8)&lt;sup&gt;1/3&lt;/sup&gt;  等都是「未下定義」（undefined）的（但這顯然跟公開試所採納的不同）。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;如果你懂得複對數（complex logarithm）或類似課題的話，會較容易明白不同定義各自的「好與壞」，但對中學生來說，不對負數的非整數次方下定義，不是最自然和合理的選擇嗎？&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-5132012376731511474?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/5132012376731511474/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=5132012376731511474' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/5132012376731511474'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/5132012376731511474'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/06/blog-post.html' title='指數問題一則'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-5417978551163541191</id><published>2011-05-25T20:30:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2011-05-26T21:23:01.812+08:00</updated><title type='text'>捨去（rejected）</title><content type='html'>相信大家在中學課本中都會見過類似的題目：求方程 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cdpi%7B100%7D%20%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2-1%7D=%5Csqrt%7B2x-1%7D" align="absmiddle" /&gt; 的所有實數解。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;不難吧？兩邊取平方得 x&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; - 1 = 2x - 1，化簡可得 x(x-2) = 0，因此 x = 0 或 2。然而，由於解題過程中曾經兩邊取平方（註 1），因此我們應該把答案代入原方程驗算。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;把 x=2 代入原方程，左右兩邊皆等於 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cdpi%7B100%7D%20%5Csqrt%7B3" align="absmiddle" /&gt;，因此 x=2 是原方程的一個解。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;把 x=0 代入原方程，左邊等於 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cdpi%7B100%7D%20%5Csqrt%7B%7B-1%7D" align="absmiddle" /&gt;，由於這不是實數，故捨去 x=0 這個解。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;且慢！當 x=0 時，右邊也等於 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cdpi%7B100%7D%20%5Csqrt%7B%7B-1%7D" align="absmiddle" /&gt;，即左右兩邊相等（註 2）。題目所求的是實數解，並沒要求方程的兩邊都要是實數（註 3）。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;在以往的香港中學會考數學科中，「複數」並不在課程內，因此對學生來說，&lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cdpi%7B100%7D%20%5Csqrt%7B%7B-1%7D" align="absmiddle" /&gt; 是「不存在」的，故捨去 x=0 是說得過去的。可是在新的香港中學文憑試中，數學科課程包括「複數」的概念，我們還有理由繼續教學生捨去 x=0 嗎？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;註：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(1) 「由於解題過程中曾經兩邊取平方」是老師或課本經常給出的解釋，但這不是正確，或至少不是完滿的解釋，至少我們知道「需要驗算」的情況不止這一種。這個有機會另文再談。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(2)  這個牽涉一些複數的理論。對於實數的「開方」，我們取非負的平方根，例如 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cdpi%7B100%7D%20%5Csqrt%7B%7B9%7D" align="absmiddle" /&gt; 是 3 而不是 -3。對於負數及一般複數的「開方」，我們也會選一個「主值」（principal value，詳見&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root#Square_roots_of_negative_and_complex_numbers"&gt;這裡&lt;/a&gt;）。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(3)  「在處理實數的過程中離開了實數的世界」在數學上並不罕見，例如我們可以利用複分析（complex analysis）的技巧計算這個看來和複數毫無關係的積分：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cdpi%7B100%7D%20%5Cint_%7B-%5Cinfty%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B1+x%5E4%7D%5C%20dx"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 103px; height: 40px;" src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cdpi%7B100%7D%20%5Cint_%7B-%5Cinfty%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B1+x%5E4%7D%5C%20dx" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-5417978551163541191?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/5417978551163541191/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=5417978551163541191' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/5417978551163541191'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/5417978551163541191'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/05/blog-post.html' title='捨去（rejected）'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8907910229744000369</id><published>2011-05-15T01:47:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2011-05-15T01:52:02.868+08:00</updated><title type='text'>EPYMT2011</title><content type='html'>The Department of Mathematics, CUHK is offering 4 courses of a summer outreach programme "Enrichment Programme for Young Mathematics Talents" (EPYMT), for secondary school students. These courses include:&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Geometric Perspectives of Complex Numbers (suits F.3-F.4 students) and&lt;br /&gt;Understanding Non-Euclidean Geometry (suits F.6-F.7 students).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Junior form students who perform particularly well in mathematics may also be admitted. The students who join the course(s) of EPYMT can learn advanced mathematics during summer and get well equipped for New Senior Secondary Mathematics Curriculum. Besides, admitted students may also get admission consideration and/or two credits at CUHK.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All of the courses will be held at CUHK campus and be taught by the professors or lecturers of our department.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Online Registration and deadline: Midnight 18 May, 2011&lt;br /&gt;Admission Screening Test: 21 May, 2011&lt;br /&gt;Please kindly visit &lt;a href="http://epymt.math.cuhk.edu.hk/index.html"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for the details of each course.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8907910229744000369?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8907910229744000369/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8907910229744000369' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8907910229744000369'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8907910229744000369'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/05/epymt2011.html' title='EPYMT2011'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1200674276461634026</id><published>2011-04-12T21:48:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2011-04-12T22:01:15.872+08:00</updated><title type='text'>約定俗成</title><content type='html'>有朋友問，48 ÷ 2 (9+3) 等於多少？話說用計算機的話，有些計算機得出 2，有些得出 288，原因自然是 48 ÷ [2(9+3)] 和 48 ÷ 2 x (9+3) 的分別。那麼，到底那一個才是正確答案？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;        &lt;div class="GBThreadMessageRow_Body_Content"&gt;         我的看法是兩個演譯都不能說錯。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;如果我一看到這個算式，我會認為是 48 ÷ [2(9+3)] = 2。但如果你考慮到 2(9+3) 的定義的話，它的確是等於 2×(9+3)，即 2(9+3) 和 2×(9+3) 是完全相同的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;所以問題的關鍵是 2(9+3) 應否被視為 (2x(9+3)) 而非 2x(9+3)。由於高等數學裡很少用到乘號和除號，因此這個似乎沒有嚴格定義（也許有但我不知道吧），於是這件事變得有點約定俗成。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;在 「習俗」上，我想很多人都會同意「不寫出來的乘號」的運算次序應該比「除號」為高，所以 48 ÷ 2 (9+3) = 48 ÷ [2(9+3)] = 2  至少在「常理」上是正確的。但就我所知，數學上的確沒有這個規定，因此如果認為 48 ÷ 2 (9+3) = 48 ÷ 2 x (9+3) =  288 的話，我也找不到任何理由認為有錯。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;故此我的結論是 48 ÷ 2 (9+3) 這種寫法不好，還是用分數或加個括號避免混淆吧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;題外話一：&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;語意上出現混淆（ambiguity）並不罕見，除了在數學外，中文和英文也有很多例子（數學也是一種語文）。例如：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);"&gt;「曼聯戰敗了阿仙奴獲得了冠軍」&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;曼聯戰敗了（輸了），阿仙奴獲得冠軍？&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;曼聯戰敗了阿仙奴（曼聯擊敗阿仙奴），所以曼聯獲得冠軍？&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);"&gt;「Someone who knows Alan or Billy is here.」&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Someone who knows (one of Alan and Billy) is here?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;(Someone who knows Alan) or (Billy himself) is here?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;題外話二：&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;數學名詞雖然有嚴謹的定義，但「約定俗成」的例子其實也很多：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;ab&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 是指 a(b&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) 而非 (ab)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;，但 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 卻是指 (cm)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;，即 1 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = (0.01 m)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 而不是 0.01(m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)。&lt;br /&gt;　&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;sin 2 a 是指 (sin 2) a 還是 sin(2a)？絕大多數人接受是 sin(2a)，但 sin a cos b 是指 (sin  a)(cos b) 還是 sin (a cos b) 呢？絕大多數人會認為是 (sin a)(cos  b)。兩者看來是有點矛盾的，但這是「俗成」了。&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1200674276461634026?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1200674276461634026/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1200674276461634026' title='4 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1200674276461634026'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1200674276461634026'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/04/blog-post_12.html' title='約定俗成'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-283614137653965341</id><published>2011-04-02T19:55:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2011-04-02T19:56:24.175+08:00</updated><title type='text'>第十屆培正數學邀請賽決賽題目及答案</title><content type='html'>中一&lt;br /&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_F1.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中二&lt;br /&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_F2.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中三&lt;br /&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_F3.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中四&lt;br /&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_F4.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中五&lt;br /&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_F5.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;答案&lt;br /&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_FA.pdf&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-283614137653965341?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/283614137653965341/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=283614137653965341' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/283614137653965341'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/283614137653965341'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/04/blog-post.html' title='第十屆培正數學邀請賽決賽題目及答案'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-3843783205166550132</id><published>2011-03-01T22:30:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2011-03-10T11:42:33.344+08:00</updated><title type='text'>數學資料庫 academic seminar</title><content type='html'>日期：2011 年 3 月 13 日（星期日）&lt;br /&gt;時間：下午 5 時至 6 時半&lt;br /&gt;地點：&lt;meta charset="utf-8"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; line-height: 19px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;香港理工大學 (Rm : BC203)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;講者：黃靜小姐（香港中文大學數學系）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;=========================================&lt;br /&gt;Any other special angles? Algebra knows.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Since we were in junior secondary school, we have already learnt about the trigonometric functions sin, cos and tan, and their values at the special angles 30°, 45° and 60°, for example, cos60°=1/2.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this seminar, we investigate the possibility for a trigonometric ratio cos(360°/p) to be expressed in terms of distinct radicals and rational numbers, where p is a prime. It turns out that the only two possibilities are p=3 and p=5.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We will use the Galois Theory in abstract algebra to prove this result.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-3843783205166550132?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/3843783205166550132/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=3843783205166550132' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3843783205166550132'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3843783205166550132'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/03/academic-seminar.html' title='數學資料庫 academic seminar'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8720575683350163242</id><published>2011-03-01T22:27:00.005+08:00</published><updated>2011-03-07T15:23:11.374+08:00</updated><title type='text'>數學資料庫生日會</title><content type='html'>3 月 13 日（星期日）是數學資料庫的生日的前一天！如此大日子，我們安排了一連串的活動，大家萬勿錯過！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;• 當天下午數學資料庫將舉辦 academic seminar（詳情快將在此公佈）。&lt;br /&gt;• 當天晚上是數學資料庫的週年晚宴暨生日會，安排如下：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;時間：7時閧始入席；下午 7 時半開始晚餐&lt;br /&gt;地點：水瓶座咖啡室（旺角花園街2-16號好景商業中心3樓）&lt;br /&gt;收費：中學生 -- 90 元&lt;br /&gt;　　　其他　 -- 100 元&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;預先登記每位減收 10 元*&lt;br /&gt;除了豐富的自助美食外，當晚更設有遊戲活動和幸運大抽獎，有機會贏得數學資料庫神秘大獎！機會難逢，快跟朋友一起電郵至 mathdb.fomd@gmail.com 報名吧！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;* 需於 3 月 6 日（星期日）下午 8 時前連同姓名、人數（中學生和非中學生人數）和聯絡電話電郵至 mathdb.fomd@gmail.com，我們將以電話回覆作實。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8720575683350163242?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8720575683350163242/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8720575683350163242' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8720575683350163242'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8720575683350163242'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/03/blog-post.html' title='數學資料庫生日會'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-3879683167439370637</id><published>2011-02-15T14:50:00.005+08:00</published><updated>2011-02-15T14:58:39.994+08:00</updated><title type='text'>香港中文大學公開講座</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;數學與哈利波特的隱形斗篷!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;如果你看過電影《哈利波特》, 你應該見識過隱形斗篷的魔力, 怎樣把哈利隱形以及協助他逃過一幕又一幕的險境。究竟隱形斗篷可否在現實中出現呢？我們將以數學解答這個有趣的問題。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;講者：鍾子信教授 &lt;li&gt;日期：2011 年 2月26日 (星期六) &lt;li&gt;時間：上午 10:30 至 中午 12:00 &lt;li&gt;地點：香港中文大學邵逸夫堂 &lt;li&gt;語言：粵語 &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.math.cuhk.edu.hk/publect/lecture20/lecture20.html"&gt;http://www.math.cuhk.edu.hk/publect/lecture20/lecture20.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-3879683167439370637?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/3879683167439370637/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=3879683167439370637' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3879683167439370637'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3879683167439370637'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post.html' title='香港中文大學公開講座'/><author><name>Sarah</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02723182556461629097</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-3519303094230851303</id><published>2011-01-29T19:17:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2011-01-29T19:19:21.499+08:00</updated><title type='text'>第十屆培正數學邀請賽初賽題目及答案</title><content type='html'>中一&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_H1.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_H1.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中二&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_H2.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_H2.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中三&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_H3.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_H3.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中四&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_H4.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_H4.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中五&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_H5.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_H5.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;答案&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_HA.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching10_HA.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-3519303094230851303?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/3519303094230851303/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=3519303094230851303' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3519303094230851303'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3519303094230851303'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/01/blog-post.html' title='第十屆培正數學邀請賽初賽題目及答案'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8722001099983237611</id><published>2011-01-18T19:59:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2011-01-18T20:30:19.480+08:00</updated><title type='text'>2011網上數學資源設計比賽(OMRC)</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;覺得平日數學課本內容不夠挑戰性？ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;覺得自己能創造更漂亮的證明？&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;在平常生活中見到很多的「數學」？&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;那麼你就要留意由數學資料庫和香港資優教育學院合辦的「2011網上數學資源設計比賽」!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;比賽的網上報名平台已經開始接受提交作品，詳情請參閱:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000099;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hkage.org.hk/b5/sz_programmes.html?tab1=2&amp;amp;mac=open"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#330099;"&gt;http://hkage.org.hk/b5/sz_programmes.html?tab1=2&amp;amp;mac=open&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;你還不快把握這次的機會發揮你的數學小宇宙！ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8722001099983237611?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8722001099983237611/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8722001099983237611' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8722001099983237611'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8722001099983237611'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/01/2011omrc.html' title='2011網上數學資源設計比賽(OMRC)'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1514093584961146612</id><published>2011-01-06T19:45:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2011-01-08T09:31:19.559+08:00</updated><title type='text'>MD Academic Seminar (updated)</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family:verdana;color:#000000;"&gt;數學資料庫於一月舉行的 academic seminar 的詳情如下 :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;日期 : 2011 年 1 月 9 日 ( 星期日)&lt;br /&gt;時間 : 下午 4 時 30 分至 6 時&lt;br /&gt;地點 : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:verdana;"&gt;香港理工大學 (Rm : R407)&lt;br /&gt;講者 : 張潤權先生 (New York University)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;==========================================================&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Combinatorics - A Bit More Than Counting&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Among Mathematics graduate students, some of them have never heard the word "Combinatorics". Even in a graduate class of Combinatorics, the professor, a star in the area, said that he could not really define what is Combinatorics. Field Medalist Terrence Tao claimed that Combinatorics may be the only exceptional area in modern Mathematics research. There are many areas in Mathematics related to Combinatorics, e.g. algebraic combinatorics, analytic combinatorics, probabilistic combinatorics, combinatorial geometry, combinatorial number theory, combinatorial algorithms, combinatorial design.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;These facts seem contradicting as the subject of huge coverage is unaware by some of the reasearchers in Mathematics. That is Combinatorics. Not until recently Combinatorics is not covered in Hong Kong public examination syllabus, while it includes concepts like permutations and combinations in the core syllabus. I am going to talk about the interesting side of Combinatorics in this seminar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1514093584961146612?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1514093584961146612/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1514093584961146612' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1514093584961146612'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1514093584961146612'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/01/md-academic-seminar-updated.html' title='MD Academic Seminar (updated)'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1050469190676338184</id><published>2011-01-05T20:22:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2011-01-05T20:34:34.587+08:00</updated><title type='text'>MD Academic Seminar</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:verdana;"&gt;數學資料庫於一月舉行的 academic seminar 的詳情如下：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;日期：2011 年 1 月 9 日（星期日）&lt;br /&gt;時間：(稍後公佈)&lt;br /&gt;地點：香港理工大學&lt;br /&gt;講者：張潤權先生（New York University）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;=====================================================&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Combinatorics - A Bit More Than Counting&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Among Mathematics graduate students, some of them have never heard the word "Combinatorics". Even in a graduate class of Combinatorics, the professor, a star in the area, said that he could not really define what is Combinatorics. Fields Medalist Terrence Tao claimed that Combinatorics may be the only exceptional area in modern Mathematics research. There are many areas in Mathematics related to Combinatorics, e.g. algebraic combinatorics, analytic combinatorics, probabilistic combinatorics, combinatorial geometry, combinatorial number theory, combinatorial algorithms, combinatorial design.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These facts seem contradicting as the subject of huge coverage is unaware by some of the researchers in Mathematics. That is Combinatorics. Not until recently Combinatorics is not covered in Hong Kong public examination syllabus, while it includes concepts like permutations and combinations in the core syllabus. I am going to talk about the interesting side of Combinatorics in this seminar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1050469190676338184?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1050469190676338184/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1050469190676338184' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1050469190676338184'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1050469190676338184'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2011/01/md-academic-seminar.html' title='MD Academic Seminar'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-3377620284450922715</id><published>2010-10-17T12:26:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2010-10-17T12:29:55.823+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Polynomial roots</title><content type='html'>An elementary problem seen from other site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let &lt;img src="http://chart.apis.google.com/chart?cht=tx&amp;chl=ax%5E2%2Bbx%2Bc" border="0" alt="" /&gt;be a polynomial with odd integral coefficients,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;show that it cannot have rational root.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-3377620284450922715?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/3377620284450922715/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=3377620284450922715' title='5 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3377620284450922715'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3377620284450922715'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/10/polynomial-roots.html' title='Polynomial roots'/><author><name>izayoi_ami</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10251463088061209786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-5674283433825224896</id><published>2010-09-10T22:40:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2010-09-12T16:53:38.673+08:00</updated><title type='text'>2010年9月19日 Seminar</title><content type='html'>日期：2010 年 9 月 19 日（星期日）&lt;br /&gt;時間：下午 4 時 30 分至 6 時&lt;br /&gt;地點：香港理工大學 (Rm:N001)&lt;br /&gt;講者：Patrick Youkidean 先生（香港科技大學數學系研究生）&lt;br /&gt;講題：抽象代數與著名的不可能問題&lt;br /&gt;語言：粵語輔以英語&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;化圓為方、倍立方和三等分角這三個經典名題至今均沒有純幾何的處理方法，反而是十九世紀時所發展的抽象代數理論讓數學家證明了這些作圖都是不可能的。我們將會探討如何使用代數來解決幾何問題。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-5674283433825224896?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/5674283433825224896/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=5674283433825224896' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/5674283433825224896'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/5674283433825224896'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/09/2010-9-19-4-30-6-patrick-youkidean.html' title='2010年9月19日 Seminar'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1285160436746872779</id><published>2010-08-22T03:01:00.007+08:00</published><updated>2010-08-22T03:18:35.055+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Two Interesting Questions</title><content type='html'>It is a long while since I wrote here last time. I have been to Europe and visited the Deutsche Museum in Munich. There is a small corner about Mathematics there and I took some photos. Maybe I post it next time.&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Recently I read two interesting questions. Let me share them here.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Find a smallest finite set of integers, such that every integer in the set is the sum of two other &lt;i&gt;distinct&lt;/i&gt; elements in the set. There is one another rule: if &lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt; is an element of the set, then -&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt; must NOT be an element of the set.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A square matrix is said to be &lt;i&gt;doubly stochastic&lt;/i&gt; if the entries in each row and in each column sum to the same value.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A &lt;i&gt;permutation matrix&lt;/i&gt; is a square matrix where each entry in the matrix is either 0 or 1, and there is one and only one entry in each row and in each column which is 1.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Prove that any doubly stochastic matrix is a convex linear combination of permutation matrices.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Comment: The first question is interesting by itself. The second question is considered interesting because an easy solution by induction is possible, after knowing a combinatorial theorem called &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall's_theorem"&gt;Hall's Theorem&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. The question itself may mislead you to some linear algebra arguments.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1285160436746872779?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1285160436746872779/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1285160436746872779' title='2 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1285160436746872779'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1285160436746872779'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/08/two-interesting-questions.html' title='Two Interesting Questions'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1173124426970817586</id><published>2010-08-15T02:48:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2010-08-28T05:44:07.444+08:00</updated><title type='text'>多買了，反而便宜了？</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;　　換季了。時裝店裏滿是新一季的秋裝，而未賣完的夏裝則大減價促銷。七折，五折，甚至三折，都不是新鮮事。為求盡快賣掉存貨，不少商店都提供「遞進式折扣」，那就是買得愈多，折扣愈大。我見過以下的折扣表：&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="center"&gt;「一件五折，兩件四折，三件或以上三折」&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;　　看過這樣的優惠後，我的第一個反應是：很少人會只買兩件吧？&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;　　在大多數情況下，很多人應該寧買三件也不買兩件。那是因為多買了，可能反而便宜了。試想想：假設我買了兩件衣服，原價共值　$300。四折後則為　$300 × 40% = $120。如果我多買一件原價　$50 的衣服，三件三折，折扣後為　$350 × 30% = $105。即使這件多買的衣服完全不管用，多買它也立即省了　$15。事實上，簡單的代數運算告訴我們，只要第三件衣服不超過　$100（也就是原來的總價格的三分之一），我們都可以免費拿走它，更可能省下了金錢。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;下次遇上這樣的「遞進式折扣」時，不妨留意能否多買而省錢！&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1173124426970817586?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1173124426970817586/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1173124426970817586' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1173124426970817586'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1173124426970817586'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/08/blog-post_15.html' title='多買了，反而便宜了？'/><author><name>Andy Chan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00595673356023147822</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1342881115141135495</id><published>2010-08-01T22:17:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2010-08-01T22:19:47.228+08:00</updated><title type='text'>新網頁測試</title><content type='html'>數學資料庫的新網頁已在測試中&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://silver.mathdb.org:8080/silverstripe-test/&lt;br /&gt;網頁的內容會不斷更新.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1342881115141135495?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1342881115141135495/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1342881115141135495' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1342881115141135495'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1342881115141135495'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/08/blog-post.html' title='新網頁測試'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-2116063700628993394</id><published>2010-07-23T11:25:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2010-07-23T11:26:09.595+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Abstract Algebra and Famous Impossibilities</title><content type='html'>Abstract Algebra and Famous Impossibilities&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; By Patrick Wong, HKUST&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Date: July 27, 2010. (Tuesday)&lt;br /&gt;Time: 6:00pm-7:30pm&lt;br /&gt;Venue: Room 4504 (near Lifts 25 &amp; 26) , HKUST&lt;br /&gt;Target Audience: Students with basic algebra background&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Abstract: The famous problems of squaring the circle, doubling the cube, and trisecting the angle have not yielded to purely geometrical methods. It was, however, the development of abstract algebra in the nineteenth century which enabled mathematicians to conclude that these constructions are not possible. We are going to look at the way how algebra solve the geometric problems.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-2116063700628993394?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/2116063700628993394/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=2116063700628993394' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/2116063700628993394'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/2116063700628993394'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/07/abstract-algebra-and-famous.html' title='Abstract Algebra and Famous Impossibilities'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-4273612469354645619</id><published>2010-07-19T00:50:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2010-07-19T01:08:34.197+08:00</updated><title type='text'>寫在高考放榜前（二）</title><content type='html'>其實要講的事也八八九九說完了。畢竟，既然大學就是開放，只要你敢走自己的路，也無謂多說其他。&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;今天，只想講一個小故事。&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;幾年前，一位後輩小學升中。她的成績在小學內一直很好，考試總是頭幾名。她的媽媽來找我，說想女兒升讀一間英文中學，但女兒總是想升讀一間中文中學。我被指派擔當「談判者」的角色。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;談了一回，我知道了真正的原因，並認為這原因不成熟。那一刻，我起了一個可怕的念頭：甚麼也不要談了，直接跟她的媽媽說，逼她選一間英文中學。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;最後我沒有這樣做——我慶幸自己沒有這樣做。儘管如此，幾年後回想，我仍然為自己曾經有過這樣的念頭而覺得可怕。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;我回想自己短短的廿多載人生。是的，很多決定都是幼稚，甚至是錯的。但我慶幸我在人生眾多選擇中，決定權在自己手中——這要多謝我的父母。曾經享受著「高度自治」的人竟然起了這樣的一個念頭？這是何等可怕的事情？&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;幾年後的今天，我知道這位女兒在自己選擇的新學校中過得快樂。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px; "&gt;******&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;現在，故事發生後的幾年，我讀過了《四代香港人》，亦讀了《三杯茶》裏主角Greg Mortenson的童年經歷，我更深刻的明白到父母與長輩的責任是要以身作則向子女提供良好的品德教育，在適當時候提供意見和輔導，而不是強逼甚至命令子女要做這要做那，令子女漸漸失去判斷力和走人生路的勇氣，變成自己的扯線公仔。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-4273612469354645619?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/4273612469354645619/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=4273612469354645619' title='2 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/4273612469354645619'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/4273612469354645619'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/07/blog-post_19.html' title='寫在高考放榜前（二）'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-5726738998928410507</id><published>2010-07-09T21:53:00.006+08:00</published><updated>2010-07-09T23:31:19.886+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='bet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='世界盃'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='football'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='足球'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='賭博'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='world cup'/><title type='text'>馬會可能通殺？買中了也輸錢？</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;　　世界盃是國際矚目的體育盛事，不少球迷一邊在電視前搖旗吶喊外，一邊下注，考考自己的眼光。投注項目五花八門，除了每場比賽的賽果外，亦有以世界盃為整體的專項，例如競猜小組首名、冠軍等。以上各種項目裏，只要你猜中了正確的結果（例如哪隊取得冠軍），便肯定獲得彩金，而彩金亦肯定比投注本金多。（如果猜對了也要輸，誰會下注？）可是這種想法未必一定正確。例如競猜誰是「神射手」（世界盃所有比賽裏入球最多的球員）便是一例。在某些情況下，猜錯了要輸掉本金，但猜對了也贏不了！&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;　　為甚麼會這樣荒謬呢？這是因為「神射手」與世界盃冠軍不同：冠軍只有一個，但「神射手」卻可以超過一個（見註）。簡單來說，假如有兩名球員都射入五球，而沒有人射得六球或以上，這兩名球員都是「神射手」。如果「神射手」多於一個，香港賽馬會如何計算彩金？原來在這種情況下，投注本金會先除以神射手的數量才計算彩金。這就是買中了也要賠錢的關鍵。看看以下的現實例子：&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;　　準決賽結束後，荷蘭的史奈達 (Wesley Sneijder) 和西班牙的韋拿 （David Villa) 暫時以五球領先。撰寫本文時，韋拿的「神射手」賠率為 1.85 倍。假設現在某人以 1000 元本金下注韋拿為「神射手」。如果決賽和季軍戰都沒有球員入球，史奈達和韋拿將同為「神射手」。雖然這位投注者買中了，但他可得的「彩金」卻只有 1000 ÷ 2 × 1.85 = 925 元，輸了 75 元。如果同射得五球的球員有三個或四個，他將更倒楣，輸得更多。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;　　這就是賭博世界常用的併頭名次規則 (dead heat rules)，每當勝出者比預期多時便適用。「併頭名次」在足球世界裏極少發生，只會偶然在賽馬世界出現，難怪這規則不易為人所知。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;註：上文提及的「神射手」併頭只在香港賽馬會的賭博規則出現，與國際足協 (FIFA) 的神射手獎 (Golden Boot Award) 的決定規則不同。假如兩名球員射入相同的球數，助攻 (assist) 較多者名次較高；若助攻次數亦相同，總出場時間較短者名次較高。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-5726738998928410507?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/5726738998928410507/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=5726738998928410507' title='1 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/5726738998928410507'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/5726738998928410507'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/07/blog-post.html' title='馬會可能通殺？買中了也輸錢？'/><author><name>Andy Chan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00595673356023147822</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-2761739982413442613</id><published>2010-07-07T23:26:00.005+08:00</published><updated>2010-07-08T00:01:19.507+08:00</updated><title type='text'>CMPC Student Seminar Series</title><content type='html'>A group of people from HKUST are holding a series of seminar in different area in undergraduate mathematics. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The topics are mainly from undergraduate,&lt;br /&gt;students who are interested in are welcome.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first two seminars will start on the next week.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The location are taken place at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.&lt;br /&gt;One can go to the HKUST by minibus at Choi Hung MTR Station (Exit C)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Symmetry, Group Theory and Art&lt;br /&gt; By Hoi Luk, (HKU Space)&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Date:  July 14, 2010. (Wednesday)&lt;br /&gt;Time:  6:00pm-7:30pm&lt;br /&gt;Venue:  Room 4504 (near Lifts 25 &amp; 26) , HKUST&lt;br /&gt;Target Audience:  Undergraduate who is interested in exploring more about Abstract Algebra&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://ihome.ust.hk/~delamath/CMPC/CMPCSem_1s.jpg" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Abstract:  This is an introductory talk on Abstract Algebra. Group is a central concept in Abstract Algebra and it plays important roles in Geometry, Topology, ODE and etc. The talk will include the mathematical concept of symmetry, the use of Group in studying symmetry and Wallpaper Groups in Art. It is designed for undergraduate students who are interested in exploring more about Abstract Algebra and it may serve as the motif for those going to take MATH 311 (Algebra I).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Financial Mathematics - The Art of Compromise&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By Jeff Tam, (Tokyo Metropolitan University)&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Date:  July 15, 2010. (Thursday)&lt;br /&gt;Time:  6:30pm-8:00pm&lt;br /&gt;Venue:  Room 4504 (near Lifts 25 &amp; 26) , HKUST&lt;br /&gt;Target Audience:  Undergraduate with basic quantitative background who is interested in financial mathematics&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://ihome.ust.hk/~delamath/CMPC/CMPCSem_2s.jpg" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abstract:  Financial Mathematics has taken the world by storm since its inception during the 80s. In light of the recent financial crisis, the purpose of this talk is to unveil financial mathematics, divulging vital information such as its theoretical foundation, industrial practice, research frontier, etc. Most importantly, where does the "model world" and "reality" meet? What kind of compromise can bring these two together while (hopefully) not sacrificing too much reliability.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For more details on the coming seminars,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;please visit http://ihome.ust.hk/~delamath/CMPC/CMPCSem.htm&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-2761739982413442613?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/2761739982413442613/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=2761739982413442613' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/2761739982413442613'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/2761739982413442613'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/07/cmpc-student-seminar-series.html' title='CMPC Student Seminar Series'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1345144879502371672</id><published>2010-07-06T11:31:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2010-07-06T11:47:42.903+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Solving IMO Q6 collaboaratively</title><content type='html'>There's been this proposal on this &lt;a href="http://polymathprojects.org/"&gt;blog&lt;/a&gt; that seeks to solve Q6 of IMO 2010 collaboratively. The proposed starting time is July 8 16:00 UTC (i.e. July 9 00:00 Hong Kong time). Further details can be found in the following blog &lt;a href="http://polymathprojects.org/2010/06/12/mini-polymath-proposal-imo-2010-q6/"&gt;post&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1345144879502371672?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1345144879502371672/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1345144879502371672' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1345144879502371672'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1345144879502371672'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/07/solving-imo-q6-collaboaratively.html' title='Solving IMO Q6 collaboaratively'/><author><name>Polam</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11453924752347507040</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-2581603654703668313</id><published>2010-06-22T15:06:00.008+08:00</published><updated>2010-06-27T11:27:14.941+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='academic seminar'/><title type='text'>MD Academic Seminar</title><content type='html'>數學資料庫將於下星期舉行 academic seminar！詳情如下：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;日期：2010 年 6 月 29 日（星期二）&lt;br /&gt;時間：5:30 pm 至 6:30 pm&lt;br /&gt;地點：香港中文大學&lt;strong&gt;邵逸夫夫人樓（Lady Shaw Building）232 室&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;講者：陳鍵行先生（University of Illinois at Chicago）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;註：從港鐵大學站（中文大學出口）轉右，可乘坐中文大學校巴於潤昌堂下車，步行約兩分鐘即可抵達邵逸夫夫人樓。星期二的校巴於每小時 00、15、20、30、40、45 分在大學站開出，車程約 5 分鐘。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;=====================================================&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;《密碼攻防戰》&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我們每天都需要與不同的人和網站交換數據，當中包括了很多秘密和需要保密的資料。我們如何以數學的方法保護傳送的資料，只讓特定的人閱讀它們？與此同時，它們又可如何破解？講座將深入淺出地介紹從古到今數學在密碼學裏的應用。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;War of Encryption&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We have to exchange data with many people and websites every day, in which they contain a lot of secrets and confidential information. How can we protect our transferred data with mathematics and only let authorized people read them? At the same time, how can they be cracked? We will discuss the use of mathematics in encryption from the ancient times to the modern world.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-2581603654703668313?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/2581603654703668313/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=2581603654703668313' title='1 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/2581603654703668313'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/2581603654703668313'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/06/md-academic-seminar.html' title='MD Academic Seminar'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-3151873703420349739</id><published>2010-06-11T12:10:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2010-06-11T12:44:50.241+08:00</updated><title type='text'>寫在高考放榜前（一）</title><content type='html'>記得去年母校一名師弟想入數學系，問我有甚麼忠告，我想了一想，「近君子，遠小人；勤讀書，多問人。」&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;時代進化到一個可怕的地步，開始有人challenge「勤讀書」是否大學生應做的行為。那麼我自認老土算了，我還是覺得勤力是大學的一個應有態度。不過，向經歷會考、高考的人提醒一句，大學的勤力不再是死力，大學的讀書也不是只對著一堆書。不要死讀書，在大學也不要只對著書，大學一個最大功用就是讓你良知未被污染時認識這個社會。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;******&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我最想說的是「近君子，遠小人」。與友人談香港大學生的問題，說來說去，重點離不開一個——大部分學生都在做同一樣的事，你看不見variety。我說的「君子」和「小人」，「小人」其實是指平庸之人，而「君子」是指能夠執著公義但又有個人風格、敢於走自己的路的人（舉個例，那些會說六四事件中共派軍隊射殺學生無錯、那些四處問人搵source抄功課的同學，少接觸為妙）。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;踏入大學，第一個活動就是O Camp。我聽過「組爸」、「組媽」會教你怎樣選好grade的course，我甚至聽聞過他們在O Camp談抄功課的經驗。在這樣的氛圍下，再接觸一班「小人」，我敢說一句，你讀完大學除了多一張沙紙外，也只會變得更為平庸。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;可幸的是，儘管大學平庸化，我仍幸福地在五年的科大生涯中見到各式各樣值得欣賞的人：有人飽覽群書、有人是圍棋/象棋/攝影高手、有人敢於批評自己學系的教學和研究、有人善用假期到世界各地旅行和做義工、有人遇到數學/物理難題總有與別不同的見解，等等等等。大學的可愛，正正在於其包容多元、實踐多元。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;每次我回憶Google兩位創辦人的故事，又或者傳奇人物Steve Jobs的一生，我都會深感大學的偉大。（嗯，比較懶，不加鏈結了，你們自己Google一下這三位成功人物的故事吧；建議大家在YouTube找找Steve Jobs的"stay hungry, stay foolish"的大學畢業典禮演說。）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;******&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;那時跟師弟其實說少了一樣，「多思考」。大學的數學，不再像純數或應數般有一定的問題模式。每一科數學都需要你用更宏觀的角度去看概念。每每見到一個新的定義、概念，就要問為甚麼它會出現（motivation）。學了一科後要問自己這一科的大方向是甚麼；答不出的話，那大概跟沒有學過沒甚麼分別了。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-3151873703420349739?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/3151873703420349739/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=3151873703420349739' title='1 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3151873703420349739'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3151873703420349739'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/06/blog-post_11.html' title='寫在高考放榜前（一）'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-28982680886019917</id><published>2010-06-06T11:03:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2010-06-06T11:51:12.250+08:00</updated><title type='text'>寫在高考放榜前（序）</title><content type='html'>一直想寫幾篇文章，給中六、七準備入大學的中學生一個參考，究竟讀大學是甚麼一回事。因為身份問題，我必須聲明一下，雖然我打從心底裏覺得數學好，但我不是會去說服人來讀數學的人。不過，雖然這些文章不一定全部跟數學有關聯，但身為半個數學人（另半個是電腦人），穿插一些數學也是必須/無可避免的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;******&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;大學是怎樣的一回事，這個問題，畢竟太複雜。就地取材，想像若一間中學的學生會要求將民主女神搬到中學擺放展覽，而那間中學拒絕的話，肯定不會惹來傳媒大眾學生圍攻。換了一間香港中立大學，呀對不起打錯字，是香港中文大學才對，卻換來一眾有識之士狠批、學生抗議，甚至連保皇派的一些鼠輩都抽水一番。由此可見，大學與中學，有一種精神層次上的區別，而不是一般中學生所想的「讀o既嘢有咩唔同」那麼簡單。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;又或者，中學生上堂的時間是固定的，科目也大致固定的（雖然新高中的彈性多了），上到大學之後，卻是在較少的限制下可以自己選科，有些大學生一星期可以只返學兩三天又或者下午三點鐘才上第一課。其他的自由時間，是做part time、上莊、煲劇煲動漫、認識社會、多做些運動、多修其他科、讀多些書準備上研究院、甚至在本科就開始做研究，又還是白白的浪費，it is up to your choice。你想自由，是放縱還是make a life，還是你想做成龍口中的中國人，總愛給人管一管？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;******&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;上兩段也許說得令中學生摸不著頭腦。從天上走回人間，即使那個「讀o既嘢有咩唔同」看似簡單的問題，我自己接觸到的中學生，大多也是答不著。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;係咪Pure Maths cred咗就有足夠能力去讀工程？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A-Level的物理和大學物理有甚麼分別？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;為甚麼讀商科要英文好（我從來都唔覺李嘉誠英文好）？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pure Maths處理3x3的matrix，大學再難也不外乎就是需處理4x4甚至更大的matrix吧？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;你會考有讀電腦，覺得編程幾好玩。大學讀電腦就是寫更長的program嗎？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;以上是一些標準問題。而我個人相信大部分中學生根本就答不到這些問題，但他們卻要在JUPAS填上他們的選擇——一些明顯沒有對大學有基本認識的中學生填上他們大學選科的人生重大決定。三年大學制，沒有時間沒有空間，害了多少大學生？可幸大學將轉四年制，期待各大學將課程重新編訂後，學生可以先花一年半載認識甚麼是大學才做決定。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;******&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這篇序似乎真的和數學扯不上邊，可幸這裏是blogger不是微博，文章應該不會被隨便刪掉吧。嗯，下一篇應該多點數學了。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-28982680886019917?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/28982680886019917/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=28982680886019917' title='2 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/28982680886019917'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/28982680886019917'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/06/blog-post.html' title='寫在高考放榜前（序）'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-7338565633482844900</id><published>2010-05-23T12:44:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2010-05-23T12:55:32.852+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='math story'/><title type='text'>[轉貼]A Sad Story in Academia</title><content type='html'>This is &lt;a href="http://www.stat.rutgers.edu/%7Eshepp/smm.pdf"&gt;a sad story&lt;/a&gt; in academia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I post here not to blame any particular person, but wanna to let ordinary readers, which may not be in academia, sees another view of the academia, which may have been phenotyped by media.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I decided to pursue PhD study in America, one main reason due to my interest in the subject of Math and CS, and another reason is although there can be such sad stories in academia, as far as I know, in most cases, the truth is still ultimately respected in academia.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-7338565633482844900?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/7338565633482844900/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=7338565633482844900' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/7338565633482844900'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/7338565633482844900'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/05/sad-story-in-academia.html' title='[轉貼]A Sad Story in Academia'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8548199195383837266</id><published>2010-05-18T17:22:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2010-05-18T17:38:02.656+08:00</updated><title type='text'>MAC2010 決賽作品感想</title><content type='html'>有不少文章類的作品臨時採用 html 格式 ..&lt;br /&gt;這是極不明智的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;普遍作品也有以下人為錯誤.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(1) 「C Drive 大法」  (有的作品甚至乎連用戶名稱也放在連結上..)&lt;br /&gt;(2) 全形’ 和 半形'  &lt;br /&gt;(3) Flash 亂碼問題  (UTF-8 , BIG-5 與 Locale 的設定)&lt;br /&gt;(4) 放錯 link  (如 main.html 及 X theory main.html 的分別"&lt;br /&gt;(5) htm 與 html 檔名不分&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;嚴重的甚至連檔案也不能開啟...&lt;br /&gt;以致變成空白檔&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(如把上述因素計算在內....&lt;br /&gt;決賽名單中至少有兩份作品可當成 "not submitted")&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;以小說作為題材的純文字文章，可參考 一些輕小說網站的做法也可以.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;圖文並茂的...建議用 pdf 格式儲存&lt;br /&gt;以確保 評判在任何電腦上開啟閱讀時仍保持 原有的排版等.&lt;br /&gt;(html 絕不能確保排版, 完全取決於評判的電腦)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8548199195383837266?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8548199195383837266/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8548199195383837266' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8548199195383837266'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8548199195383837266'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/05/mac2010.html' title='MAC2010 決賽作品感想'/><author><name>izayoi_ami</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10251463088061209786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1218448499698789544</id><published>2010-05-09T14:23:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2010-05-09T14:23:00.516+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='幾何'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='三角形'/><title type='text'>直角三角形的中線（四）</title><content type='html'>之前已經看過&lt;a href="http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post_27.html"&gt;這個幾何問題&lt;/a&gt;的七個解。這裡我們再多看三個。如果大家有其他解法的話，歡迎隨時提供。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;解法八&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;設 AD = DC = x，∠BAC = y，則 AB = 2x cos y。在 △ABD 中運用餘弦定律（cosine law），我們有&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BD&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = (2x cos y)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + x&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; - 2 (2x cos y) (x) cos y = x&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;從而 DA = DB = DC = x。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;解法九&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;設 ∠ADB = y，則 ∠CDB = 180&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; - y。分別對 △ABD 和 △CBD 運用餘弦定律，我們有&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　　AB&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = DA&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + DB&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; - 2 (DA) (DB) cos y&lt;br /&gt;　　　BC&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = DC&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + DB&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; - 2 (DC) (DB) cos (180&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; - y)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;由於 DA = DC，AB&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + BC&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = AC&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 4 DA&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;，且 cos y = -cos (180&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; - y)，故加起以上兩式可得&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　　4 DA&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 2 DA&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + 2 DB&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;從而 DB = DA (= DC)。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;解法十&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;由於 &lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;BA &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;與 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;BC &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;垂直，且 D 是 AC 的中點，故此&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img id="equationview" name="equationview" onload="processEquationChange()" src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5C100dpi%20%5Cbegin%7Balign*%7D%20%5Coverrightarrow%7BBA%7D%5Ccdot%5Coverrightarrow%7BBC%7D&amp;amp;=0%5C%5C%20%28%5Coverrightarrow%7BBD%7D+%5Coverrightarrow%7BDA%7D%29%5Ccdot%28%5Coverrightarrow%7BBD%7D+%5Coverrightarrow%7BDC%7D%29&amp;amp;=0%5C%5C%20%28%5Coverrightarrow%7BBD%7D+%5Coverrightarrow%7BDA%7D%29%5Ccdot%28%5Coverrightarrow%7BBD%7D-%5Coverrightarrow%7BDA%7D%29&amp;amp;=0%5C%5C%20%5Coverrightarrow%7BBD%7D%5Ccdot%5Coverrightarrow%7BBD%7D-%5Coverrightarrow%7BDA%7D%5Ccdot%5Coverrightarrow%7BDA%7D&amp;amp;=0%5C%5C%20%7C%5Coverrightarrow%7BBD%7D%7C%5E2-%7C%5Coverrightarrow%7BDA%7D%7C%5E2&amp;amp;=0%5C%5C%20%7C%5Coverrightarrow%7BBD%7D%7C&amp;amp;=%7C%5Coverrightarrow%7BDA%7D%7C%20%5Cend%7Balign*%7D" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;即 DB = DA (= DC)。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1218448499698789544?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1218448499698789544/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1218448499698789544' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1218448499698789544'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1218448499698789544'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-post.html' title='直角三角形的中線（四）'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-6416400722853735714</id><published>2010-05-06T12:53:00.005+08:00</published><updated>2010-05-07T17:00:57.409+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='幾何'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='三角形'/><title type='text'>直角三角形的中線（三）</title><content type='html'>繼續&lt;a href="http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post_27.html"&gt;這個幾何問題&lt;/a&gt;的其他解法。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;解法五&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;考慮 △ABC 的外接圓：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/S90Gj7kXNBI/AAAAAAAAABY/3vNpZsemlPM/s1600/image003.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 268px; height: 261px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/S90Gj7kXNBI/AAAAAAAAABY/3vNpZsemlPM/s320/image003.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466532737053045778" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;由於 ∠ABC = 90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;，所以 AC 是圓的直徑，D 是圓的圓心。由於 DA、DB、DC 都是圓的半徑，故此它們的長度相等。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;解法六&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;沿 AB 反射 C 到 C'，我們有 BC = BC'。由中點定理可知 AC' // DB。設 E 為 C 到 AC’ 的垂足，則 A、E、B、C 四點共圓，故 ∠BEC = ∠BAC。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/S90YvB4drlI/AAAAAAAAABg/u7SMwRiIcpU/s1600/image015.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 254px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/S90YvB4drlI/AAAAAAAAABg/u7SMwRiIcpU/s320/image015.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466552718935830098" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;設 CE 與 BD 的交點為 F，則 ∠DFC = 90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;，故由截線定理可知 EF = FC。因此 △BEF 和 △BCF 全等 (SAS)，從而 ∠BCE = ∠BEC = ∠BAC。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;由此可知 ∠ABD = 90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; - ∠FBC = ∠BCE = ∠BAC，故 DB = DA (= DC)。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;解法七&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;設 B 為原點，A = (0, 2a)，C = (2c,0)。由於 D 是 AC 的中點，故此 D = (c, a)。經直接計算可知&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5C100dpi%20DA=DB=DC=%5Csqrt%7Bc%5E2+a%5E2%7D"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 211px; height: 19px;" src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5C100dpi%20DA=DB=DC=%5Csqrt%7Bc%5E2+a%5E2%7D" alt="" align="middle" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-6416400722853735714?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/6416400722853735714/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=6416400722853735714' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6416400722853735714'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6416400722853735714'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-post_06.html' title='直角三角形的中線（三）'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/S90Gj7kXNBI/AAAAAAAAABY/3vNpZsemlPM/s72-c/image003.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-6475098442602707110</id><published>2010-05-03T12:28:00.010+08:00</published><updated>2010-05-03T20:07:10.623+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='幾何'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='三角形'/><title type='text'>直角三角形的中線（二）</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post_27.html"&gt;上回&lt;/a&gt;提到一個幾何問題和它的一個解。你想到多少個其他解法呢？這裡我們先看看其中三個：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;解法二&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;v:shape style="width: 133.5pt; height: 186.75pt; visibility: visible;" id="圖片_x0020_10" spid="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"&gt;&lt;v:imagedata title="M7" src="MD%20blog%20-%20Soln%202.0.files/image004.jpg" croptop="7868f" cropbottom="25099f" cropleft="7621f" cropright="45618f"&gt;&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try  {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/S90Az9gdQFI/AAAAAAAAABI/MMV2rhgPgdA/s1600/image004.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 167px; height: 228px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/S90Az9gdQFI/AAAAAAAAABI/MMV2rhgPgdA/s320/image004.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466526415381676114" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;設 E 為 AB 的中點。由中點定理可知 ED 與 BC 平行，故 ∠AED = 90&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;，從而 △ADE 和 △BDE 全等 (SAS)，因此 DB = DA (= DC)。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;解法三&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;v:shape style="width: 133.5pt; height: 186.75pt; visibility: visible;" id="圖片_x0020_10" spid="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"&gt;&lt;v:imagedata title="M7" src="http://www.blogger.com/MD%20blog%20-%20Soln%202.0.files/image004.jpg" croptop="7868f" cropbottom="25099f" cropleft="7621f" cropright="45618f"&gt;&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;我們知道，三角形中「大角對長邊、小角對短邊」。若 DC = DA &gt; DB，則有 ∠ABD &gt; ∠BAD 和 ∠DBC &gt; ∠DCB，從而 90&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt; = ∠ABD + ∠DBC &gt; ∠BAD + ∠DCB = 90&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;，矛盾。同理，若 DB &gt; DC = DA，則有 ∠ABD &lt; ∠BAD 和 ∠DBC &lt; ∠DCB，從而 90&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt; = ∠ABD + ∠DBC &lt; ∠BAD + ∠DCB = 90&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;，矛盾。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;故此 DC = DA = DB 必定成立。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'新細明體','serif';"&gt;解法四&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/S90CaOSTVEI/AAAAAAAAABQ/umvq90BUeoE/s1600/image009.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 261px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/S90CaOSTVEI/AAAAAAAAABQ/umvq90BUeoE/s320/image009.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466528172232365122" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;沿 AB 反射 C 到 C'，我們有 AC = AC' 和 BC = BC'。由中點定理可知 2DB = AC' = AC。由於 D 是 AC 的中點，故此 DB = DA = DC。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-6475098442602707110?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/6475098442602707110/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=6475098442602707110' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6475098442602707110'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6475098442602707110'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-post_03.html' title='直角三角形的中線（二）'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/S90Az9gdQFI/AAAAAAAAABI/MMV2rhgPgdA/s72-c/image004.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1149103509138854508</id><published>2010-04-30T13:51:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2010-04-30T14:01:57.083+08:00</updated><title type='text'>S.S.A.</title><content type='html'>兩邊非夾角足夠成為兩個三角形的全等條件嗎？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_36P3cM37sJw/S9pwAv3sR1I/AAAAAAAAABI/iitHr-4rzVQ/s1600/1.png"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 176px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_36P3cM37sJw/S9pwAv3sR1I/AAAAAAAAABI/iitHr-4rzVQ/s320/1.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465804255919884114" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;相信不難由圖中找出反例吧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有什麼時候 SSA 能夠成條兩個三角形全等的條件呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(試由上圖假設 ABC_1  , ABC_2 兩組三角形全等)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;上圖由幾何軟件 GeoGebra 繪製而成.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;大致上的 command 如下:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A=(0,0)&lt;br /&gt;X=(10,0)&lt;br /&gt;a=Line[A,X]&lt;br /&gt;X'=Angle[X,A,50&amp;deg]&lt;br /&gt;Segment[A,X']&lt;br /&gt;d=Circle[X',8]&lt;br /&gt;Intersect[d,a]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1149103509138854508?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1149103509138854508/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1149103509138854508' title='1 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1149103509138854508'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1149103509138854508'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/04/ssa.html' title='S.S.A.'/><author><name>izayoi_ami</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10251463088061209786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_36P3cM37sJw/S9pwAv3sR1I/AAAAAAAAABI/iitHr-4rzVQ/s72-c/1.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-4012696185876835228</id><published>2010-04-27T10:18:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2010-04-30T10:31:49.455+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='幾何'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='三角形'/><title type='text'>直角三角形的中線（一）</title><content type='html'>設 ABC 為直角三角形，B 為直角。從 B 作中線到 AC 的中點 D，試證明 DA = DB = DC。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/S9o_RgMugXI/AAAAAAAAAAw/Y2JPC0ZmeK0/s1600/median1.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 183px; height: 219px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/S9o_RgMugXI/AAAAAAAAAAw/Y2JPC0ZmeK0/s320/median1.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465750667701158258" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這題有很多不同的解法，以下先列出一個。你能想出其他解法嗎？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;解法一&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;作點 E 使得 ABCE 為長方形。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/S9pAPBOiGwI/AAAAAAAAAA4/y7n3p7Y7bGs/s1600/median2.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 193px; height: 225px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/S9pAPBOiGwI/AAAAAAAAAA4/y7n3p7Y7bGs/s320/median2.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465751724539124482" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;由於長方形的對角線互相平分，而 D 是 AC 的中點，故可知 B、D、E 成一直線。再由長方形兩條對角線相等的性質可知 DA = DB = DC (= DE)。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-4012696185876835228?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/4012696185876835228/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=4012696185876835228' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/4012696185876835228'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/4012696185876835228'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post_27.html' title='直角三角形的中線（一）'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/S9o_RgMugXI/AAAAAAAAAAw/Y2JPC0ZmeK0/s72-c/median1.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8694241562458454780</id><published>2010-04-23T12:31:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2010-04-23T12:35:59.031+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='joke'/><title type='text'>[轉貼]由三分之二變成0.66</title><content type='html'>幸好香港立法會人數不多，不然的話政改方案通過與否，可能需要人大釋法，解釋三分之二的值是多少。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://rss.slashdot.org/%7Er/Slashdot/slashdot/%7E3/0mCZf52_v7A/At-Issue-In-a-Massachusetts-Town-the-Value-of-Two-Thirds"&gt;At Issue In a Massachusetts Town, the Value of Two-Thirds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BTW，這件事會教一些人想起那道&lt;a href="http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/03/666.html"&gt;培正數學邀請賽第一屆的經典題目&lt;/a&gt;吧。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8694241562458454780?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8694241562458454780/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8694241562458454780' title='3 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8694241562458454780'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8694241562458454780'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/04/066.html' title='[轉貼]由三分之二變成0.66'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-3367677743053401904</id><published>2010-04-11T11:57:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2010-04-11T11:57:00.583+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='歷史'/><title type='text'>Algebra and Algorithm</title><content type='html'>A quote from the book "A History of Abstract Algebra" by Israel Kleiner:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Islamic mathematicians attained important algebraic accomplishments between the ninth and fifteenth centuries AD. Perhaps the foremost among them was Muhammad ibn-Musa al-Khwarizmi, dubbed by some "the Euclid of agebra" because he systematized the subject and made it into an independent field of study. He did this in his book al-jabr w al-muqabalah.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A small game: the book says that the words "Algebra" and "Algorithm" are derived from two words in the quoted paragraph. Can you find them?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-3367677743053401904?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/3367677743053401904/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=3367677743053401904' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3367677743053401904'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3367677743053401904'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/04/algebra-and-algorithm.html' title='Algebra and Algorithm'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8825829698538842751</id><published>2010-04-04T15:50:00.005+08:00</published><updated>2010-04-04T18:52:47.728+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='PCIMC'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='概率'/><title type='text'>一道概率問題（下）</title><content type='html'>上回提到，在計算概率並數算「可能結果的總數」時，必須確保每個可能結果的出現機會均等。這裡我們以一道培正數學邀請賽的試題來加以說明。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;今年培正數學邀請賽決賽的&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_F4.pdf"&gt;中四組&lt;/a&gt;第 9 題和&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_F5.pdf"&gt;高中組&lt;/a&gt;第 10 題是相同的，都是計算題中遊戲的勝出概率。由於每個球可射進其中一條坑道，因此可能的結果共有 5&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; = 3125 個。以「成一鉛垂線」勝出的可能結果有 5 個，而以「成一水平線」勝出的可能結果則有 5! = 120 個（因為該 5 個球有 120 種不同方式被「分配」進 5 條坑道）。因此答案是 (5+120)/3125 = 1/25。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;本題有 45.4% 的參賽者答對，以「5 分題」來說屬正常水平。值得留意的反而是三個最常見的錯誤答案，它們分別是 6/3125（12.8%）、1/21（8.2%）和 2/3125（2.0%）。參賽者是如何得出這些答案的呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6/3125 顯然是因為把以上的「120」當成了「1」，而這顯然是不正確的，因為在數算出 3125 個可能結果的過程中，那「1」個可能結果（即 5 個球成一水平線）是被數算了 120 次的。而 2/3125 則顯然是把「5」和「120」都當成了「1」，也自然是不正確的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1/21 呢？相信這是從 6/126 化簡而來的。「6」個勝出的結果自然是「5 直 1 橫」。如果「成一水平線」的結果只算一次的話，那麼可能結果的總數是多少？（也就是說我們只關心每條坑道中球的數目，例如 (1,1,1,1,1) 只算一次，這個在之前的解法中是算了 120 次的；而 (5,0,0,0,0) 和 (0,5,0,0,0) 則算作兩個不同的結果。這裡 (0,5,0,0,0) 表示 5 個球都被射進第二條坑道，如此類推。）這個總數就是方程 a+b+c+d+e=5 的非負整數解的數目，即 H(5,5) = C(9,5) = 126。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這個解法有甚麼問題呢？問題正正就出在之前所說的「必須確保每個可能結果的出現機會均等」那兒。出現 (0,5,0,0,0) 顯然比 (1,1,1,1,1) 難：直觀地想，前者必須每個球都射進第二條坑道，至於後者，則開首的幾個球有「較大的自由度」。因此這樣計算出來的概率是不正確的，這跟 5 個球相同與否（identical or distinguishable）也是無關的（直觀地想，5 個球的顏色相同或不同，應該不會影響勝出的機會吧！）。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;當然，在高等數學中，概率的定義要嚴格得多。有興趣的讀者可以參看&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/"&gt;數學資料庫&lt;/a&gt;關於&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/module/probability/content.htm"&gt;概率&lt;/a&gt;的&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/module/c_module.htm"&gt;教學單元&lt;/a&gt;。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8825829698538842751?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8825829698538842751/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8825829698538842751' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8825829698538842751'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8825829698538842751'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post.html' title='一道概率問題（下）'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-7976233082891735995</id><published>2010-03-31T15:30:00.005+08:00</published><updated>2010-04-04T18:55:59.788+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='PCIMC'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='概率'/><title type='text'>一道概率問題（上）</title><content type='html'>在中學教科書中，概率（probability）的定義一般是這樣寫的：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　　　　　　　　　　符合Ｅ的結果的數目&lt;br /&gt;　　事件Ｅ的概率　＝　－－－－－－－－－&lt;br /&gt;　　　　　　　　　　　　可能結果的總數&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;在高等數學中，概率的定義要複雜得多，因此在中學教科書中有一個「簡易版」實在可以理解。然而，以上版本卻未免太簡易了，很容易「鬧出笑話」，例如：六合彩頭獎的中獎機會是多少？由於可能結果有兩個（「中」或「不中」），那麼機會應該是 1/2 吧？另一個人說：非也，六合彩有頭獎至七獎，也可能不中獎，所以頭獎的中獎機會應是 1/8 才對。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這當然是不正確的。錯誤在那裡呢？在數算「可能結果的總數」時，我們必須確保每個可能結果都是「出現機會均等」的，而在以上例子中，「中」與「不中」顯然不是機會均等的，因此我們不能說可能結果有兩個。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;投擲兩顆骰子，總數是 11 點的概率是多少？這個不難，可能的結果有 6x6 = 36 個，符合條件的結果有 (5,6) 和 (6,5) 兩個，因此答案是 2/36 = 1/18 吧。為甚麼 (5,6) 和 (6,5) 應算作兩個不同的結果？（同樣道理，在數算可能結果的總數時，(1,2) 和 (2,1) 等也是數了兩次，因此才得出 36 這個數的。）那正正就是因為要確保每個可能結果的「出現機會均等」-- 如果 (5,6) 和 (6,5) 只算一次，而 (1,1) 也算一次的話，那麼 {5,6} 出現的機會是比 (1,1) 高的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;值得注意，(5,6) 和 (6,5) 應該算是一個可能結果還是兩個，跟兩顆骰子是否相同（identical or distinguishable）是無關的。而「出現機會均等」這條件的重要性，我們在下回將以一道培正數學邀請賽的題目作說明。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-7976233082891735995?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/7976233082891735995/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=7976233082891735995' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/7976233082891735995'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/7976233082891735995'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/03/blog-post.html' title='一道概率問題（上）'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1007631006564496439</id><published>2010-03-22T19:23:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2010-03-24T20:52:58.833+08:00</updated><title type='text'>培正數學邀請賽決賽 -- 試題及答案</title><content type='html'>第九屆培正數學邀請賽決賽題目已經上載。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中一組：&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_F1.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_F1.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中二組：&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_F2.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_F2.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中三組：&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_F3.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_F3.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中四組：&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_F4.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_F4.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;高中組：&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_F5.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_F5.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;答案：　&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_FA.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_FA.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1007631006564496439?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1007631006564496439/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1007631006564496439' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1007631006564496439'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1007631006564496439'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/03/httpwww.html' title='培正數學邀請賽決賽 -- 試題及答案'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-6427098798354706368</id><published>2010-02-28T22:39:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2010-03-08T21:53:10.163+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='活動'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='academic seminar'/><title type='text'>數學資料庫 academic seminar</title><content type='html'>數學資料庫於三月中舉行的 academic seminar 的詳情如下：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;日期：2010 年 3 月 14 日（星期日）&lt;br /&gt;時間：下午 4 時 30 分至 5 時 30 分&lt;br /&gt;地點：香港城市大學教學樓 P4909 室（紫區）&lt;br /&gt;講者：潘瑛小姐（香港大學數學系研究生）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;=====================================================&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Finite Geometry and Combinatorics &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Finite Geometry is a kind of Geometry which is often used in computer programming and design (a branch of statistics).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In Euclidean Geometry, we seldom use "counting" to solve a problem. However, in finite geometry, combinatorics plays an important role. Also, finite geometry helps to solve problems in combinatorics, such as the Kirkman's schoolgirl problem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this talk, we will introduce two important objects in Finite Geometry: finite projective planes and finite generalized quadrangles and use counting to see some interesting structures of them.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-6427098798354706368?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/6427098798354706368/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=6427098798354706368' title='1 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6427098798354706368'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6427098798354706368'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/02/academic-seminar-2010-3-14-4-30-5-30.html' title='數學資料庫 academic seminar'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-3787128978763831738</id><published>2010-02-27T11:46:00.012+08:00</published><updated>2010-02-27T12:02:46.927+08:00</updated><title type='text'>圓周率日活動</title><content type='html'>3 月 14 日（星期日）是圓周率日，也是數學資料庫的生日！如此大日子，我們安排了一連串的活動，大家萬勿錯過！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;· 當天下午數學資料庫將舉辦 academic seminar（詳情快將在此公佈）。&lt;br /&gt;· 當天晚上是數學資料庫的週年晚宴暨生日會，安排如下：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;時間：下午 6 時&lt;br /&gt;地點：城峰閣（香港城市大學康樂樓九樓）&lt;br /&gt;收費：中學生 -- 98 元&lt;br /&gt;　　　其他　 -- 118 元&lt;br /&gt;　　　預先登記&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: rgb(255,0,0)"&gt;每位減收 10 元&lt;/span&gt;*&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;除了豐富的自助美食外，當晚更設有遊戲活動和幸運大抽獎，有機會贏得數學資料庫神秘大獎！機會難逢，快跟朋友一起電郵至 mathdb.fomd@gmail.com 報名吧！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;color:#993300;"&gt;* 需於 3 月 12 日（星期五）下午 8 時前連同姓名、人數（中學生和非中學生）和聯絡電話電郵至 mathdb.fomd@gmail.com，我們將以電話回覆作實。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-3787128978763831738?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/3787128978763831738/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=3787128978763831738' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3787128978763831738'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3787128978763831738'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/02/blog-post_27.html' title='圓周率日活動'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-451884514261321878</id><published>2010-02-22T10:44:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2010-02-22T10:54:46.630+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='概率'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='probability'/><title type='text'>骰戰</title><content type='html'>以下有三個問題，你能在短時間給出解釋和答案嗎？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;甲有三粒骰，乙有兩粒骰。他們各自摘骰後，設甲三粒骰的數字由大至小為A1,A2,A3，乙兩粒骰的數字由大至小為B1,B2。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1) 若A1比B1大，甲得一分；若B1比A1大，乙得一分。若A2比B2大，甲得一分；若B2比A2大，乙得一分。誰分數較多為勝。問誰贏的機會較大？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2) 規矩同1)，但再加一條：若A3是1、2或3，乙得一分；若A3是4、5或6，甲得一分。現在誰贏的機會較大？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3) 規矩同1)，但若A1=B1，乙得一分；若A2=B2，乙得一分。（在1)時，若A1=B1或A2=B2，甲乙都沒有分數。）現在誰贏的機會較大？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;當然，這些都不是特別難的概率問題，你大可仔細地算出兩者贏出的機會。但，你可以作出一個non-quantitative的解釋嗎？（註：我不肯定是否有non-quantitative的解釋，但大家可以想想。）&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-451884514261321878?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/451884514261321878/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=451884514261321878' title='1 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/451884514261321878'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/451884514261321878'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/02/blog-post.html' title='骰戰'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-2280010387266961522</id><published>2010-01-25T03:10:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2010-01-25T03:17:25.699+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Nice Example on Schutte Problem</title><content type='html'>Some background first. A tournament of &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;N&lt;/span&gt; players mean a competition that every pair of players play against each other exactly once. In our case, no draw is allowed; either one wins or the other wins.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A tournament is with Schutte property of order &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;k&lt;/span&gt; if every set of k players are all defeated by one of the other players.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Using probabilistic method, it is easy to show that for any &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;k&lt;/span&gt;, there exists sufficiently large &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;N&lt;/span&gt; such that a tournament with Schutte property of order &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;k&lt;/span&gt; is possible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My focus here is a cute example of tournament with Schutte property of order 2: when &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;=7, name the players by 0,1,2,...,6, then a tournament with Schutte property of order 2 is given by:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; defeats &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;j&lt;/span&gt;     if and only if    (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;j&lt;/span&gt;) is a quadratic residue of 7.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-2280010387266961522?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/2280010387266961522/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=2280010387266961522' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/2280010387266961522'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/2280010387266961522'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/01/nice-example-on-schutte-problem.html' title='Nice Example on Schutte Problem'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-9221361642306268080</id><published>2010-01-23T17:30:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2010-01-23T18:51:52.880+08:00</updated><title type='text'>培正數學邀請賽初賽 -- 試題及答案</title><content type='html'>第九屆培正數學邀請賽初賽題目已經上載。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中一組：&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_H1.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_H1.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中二組：&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_H2.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_H2.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中三組：&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_H3.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_H3.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中四組：&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_H4.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_H4.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;高中組：&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_H5.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_H5.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;答案：　&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_HA.pdf"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/resource_sharing/others/s_puiching09_HA.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-9221361642306268080?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/9221361642306268080/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=9221361642306268080' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/9221361642306268080'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/9221361642306268080'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/01/pcimc-heat-event.html' title='培正數學邀請賽初賽 -- 試題及答案'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8813342381960566485</id><published>2010-01-19T22:09:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2010-01-19T22:15:12.483+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='MAC'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='活動'/><title type='text'>數學網頁資料設計比賽 2010</title><content type='html'>數學資料庫將於香港資優教育學院合辦「數學網頁資料設計比賽 2010」，詳情可參閱 &lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/mac/2010/"&gt;http://www.mathdb.org/mac/2010/&lt;/a&gt;。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我們將於 1 月 29 日與資優教育學院共同舉行簡介會，讓老師和同學瞭解比賽詳情。有興趣的老師和同學快填妥&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/mac/2010/MAC2010_Application_Form_b5.pdf"&gt;簡介會回條&lt;/a&gt;並按指示遞交吧！&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8813342381960566485?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8813342381960566485/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8813342381960566485' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8813342381960566485'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8813342381960566485'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/01/2010.html' title='數學網頁資料設計比賽 2010'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-2912373092977513935</id><published>2010-01-17T10:11:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2010-01-18T04:43:57.972+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sports'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='probability'/><title type='text'>神奇教練</title><content type='html'>前排睇新聞，話國際米蘭係意甲聯賽賽事尾段連入兩球，以4-3險勝錫耶納，保住了國際米蘭教練摩連奴近八年執教球隊主場不敗的紀錄。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;感覺這個神奇教練真的很神奇。但怎樣將這樣的「神奇」量化呢？有！假設他執教球隊主場每場不敗的機會是95%，而球隊每年主場賽事最少25場，那麼八年就有200場主場賽事。這可能有些誤差，那就當它是180場吧。那麼180場不敗的概率的機會率只有0.00009778。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;（聲明：以上計算的假設毫不嚴謹，亦無任何統計數據backup支持，純為筆者吃飽飯沒事幹（現為紐約時間晚上九點左右）發表的文章。）&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-2912373092977513935?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/2912373092977513935/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=2912373092977513935' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/2912373092977513935'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/2912373092977513935'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/01/blog-post_17.html' title='神奇教練'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-7397834560717180594</id><published>2010-01-13T20:25:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2010-01-15T15:40:27.269+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='PCIMC'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='數學競賽'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='MO'/><title type='text'>培正數學邀請賽：最新消息</title><content type='html'>數學資料庫協辦的培正數學邀請賽初賽將於下星期六（1 月 23 日）舉行。有關詳情已上載至&lt;a href="http://www.pca.edu.hk/pcimc/"&gt;比賽網頁&lt;/a&gt;。參賽同學及領隊老師請特別注意以下事項：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;准考證已寄給各參賽學校及個人報名的參賽者。&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;參賽者必須帶備准考證及身分證應考。&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;參賽者應使用大會提供的 HB 鉛筆作答（&lt;a class="style9" href="http://www.pca.edu.hk/pcimc/9th/resources/AnswerSheets_Heats_Sample.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;答題紙樣本&lt;/a&gt;），惟需自備橡皮擦及其他文具。&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;如答案小於 1000，須「補 0」以湊足四位，例如：如答案為 39，應填「0039」。&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;本年將不會派發答案予領隊老師。試題及答案將於初賽後盡快上載至&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/"&gt;數學資料庫&lt;/a&gt;（屆時會在本網誌公佈），亦會於一星期內上載至&lt;a href="http://www.pca.edu.hk/pcimc/"&gt;比賽網頁&lt;/a&gt;。&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-7397834560717180594?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/7397834560717180594/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=7397834560717180594' title='1 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/7397834560717180594'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/7397834560717180594'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2010/01/blog-post.html' title='培正數學邀請賽：最新消息'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-9003947317104359374</id><published>2009-12-28T05:40:00.005+08:00</published><updated>2009-12-28T11:28:24.032+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Polynomials and topology</title><content type='html'>Recently my friend is working on a problem in topology, and out of his work, it appears that the there is a special pattern in the coefficients of the following polynomial, when m,n are relatively prime:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?\frac{(x^{mn}-1)(x-1)}{(x^m-1)(x^n-1)} (x^{4n}-x^{2n}+1)"/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It appears that if one expands this polynomial out, collects terms and arranges them in decreasing powers of x, then the non-zero coefficients are all either 1 and -1, and they appear to alternate as the power decreases. (e.g. when m=4, n=3, the polynomial is &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?x^{18}-x^{17}+x^{15}-x^{13}+x^{11}-x^9+x^7-x^5+x^3-x+1"/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is not known whether this pattern really exists. But I thought this is cute and may be of interest to some of you. Does any of you have any idea about how to prove/disprove it?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(The case of interest in topology is when m &gt; 3n, but it looks like this pattern persists as long as m,n are relatively prime.)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-9003947317104359374?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/9003947317104359374/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=9003947317104359374' title='2 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/9003947317104359374'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/9003947317104359374'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/12/polynomials-and-topology.html' title='Polynomials and topology'/><author><name>Polam</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11453924752347507040</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-6450469896745076552</id><published>2009-12-24T22:33:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2009-12-24T22:37:26.338+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Elementary number theory</title><content type='html'>Someone say that 167588402882520529579353108764873470755823697 is the smallest positive integer k such that all digit of 1989k are the same.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Do you agree?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-6450469896745076552?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/6450469896745076552/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=6450469896745076552' title='1 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6450469896745076552'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6450469896745076552'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/12/elementary-number-theory.html' title='Elementary number theory'/><author><name>izayoi_ami</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10251463088061209786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-3326645420924165704</id><published>2009-12-19T17:38:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2009-12-22T21:17:03.188+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='academic seminar'/><title type='text'>MD Academic Seminar</title><content type='html'>數學資料庫將於本月底舉行期待已久的 academic seminar！ 詳情如下：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;日期：2009 年 12 月 27 日（星期日）&lt;br /&gt;時間：下午 4 時 30 分至 5 時 30 分&lt;br /&gt;地點：&lt;span style="color:#3366ff;"&gt;香港大學莊月明文娛中心 302 室&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;講者：樊偉堂先生（華盛頓大學數學系博士研究生）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;=====================================================&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Probability from a gambler's viewpoint --- A taste of Martingale Theory&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Suppose you keep flipping a fair coin until 10 heads occur consecutively. How many times of flipping do you need on average?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We will solve this and other related problems as an application of the Optional Stopping Theorem. The basic notions and properties of discrete martingales will be introduced in an informal manner, with emphasis on the intuitive ideas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prerequisite: Basic probability in secondary school level.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-3326645420924165704?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/3326645420924165704/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=3326645420924165704' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3326645420924165704'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3326645420924165704'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/12/academic-seminar-2009-12-27-4-30-5-30.html' title='MD Academic Seminar'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1641033932804615954</id><published>2009-12-11T05:30:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2009-12-11T05:39:21.229+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='analysis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='countability'/><title type='text'>Two Analysis Problems</title><content type='html'>Recently I heard two problems in analysis, both I think are interesting, and they do not require too deep knowledge in analysis, which is the kind of questions I like most. Share here.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1) Suppose &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?%5Csum_%7Bj=1%7D%5E%5Cinfty%20%7Ca_j%7C" /&gt; converges. Also, for each positive integer &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;k&lt;/span&gt;, it is known that &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?%5Csum_%7Bj=1%7D%5E%5Cinfty%20a_%7Bjk%7D%20=%200" /&gt; (just to avoid confusion, allow me clarify here that &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;jk&lt;/span&gt; means "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;j&lt;/span&gt; times &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;k&lt;/span&gt;"). Prove that &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?a_i=0" /&gt; for all positive integers &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2) &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;S&lt;/span&gt; contains all elements &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?x%5Cin[0,1]" /&gt; such that for any &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?%5Cepsilon%3E0" /&gt;, there exists a rational number &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?%5Cfrac%7Bp%7D%7Bq%7D" /&gt; (where &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;q&lt;/span&gt; are positive integers) satisfying &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?%5Cleft%7C%20x%20-%20%5Cfrac%7Bp%7D%7Bq%7D%5Cright%7C%20%3C%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cepsilon%7D%7Bq%5E3%7D" /&gt;. Prove that &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;S&lt;/span&gt; is uncountable.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1641033932804615954?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1641033932804615954/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1641033932804615954' title='3 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1641033932804615954'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1641033932804615954'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/12/two-analysis-problems.html' title='Two Analysis Problems'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-3358135921324468492</id><published>2009-12-07T21:46:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2009-12-07T21:55:34.631+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='活動'/><title type='text'>香港大學「數趣漫話」講座</title><content type='html'>日期：2010 年 1 月 9 日（星期六）&lt;br /&gt;時間：下午 2 時 30 分至 4 時&lt;br /&gt;地點：香港大學明華綜合大樓 T1 演講廳&lt;br /&gt;講者：李志光教授&lt;br /&gt;講題：數學世界與武俠天地&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;簡介：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:100%;"  &gt;數學世界中有抽象的科研題目，有孜孜不倦的學者，有勤奮的學生；武俠天地裏有神奇的絕世武功，有鋤強扶弱的俠客，有堅毅的徒底。數學與武俠，兩者仿似風馬牛不相及，細看又似有不少共通之處。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;講者將以其多年從事數學科研教學之經驗，剖析數學世界與武俠天地之異同，聽眾可以輕鬆地瞭解數理學者的工作和生活。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有關其他詳情，可瀏覽&lt;a href="http://147.8.101.93/math/2010Jan/2010Jan09.pdf"&gt;這裡&lt;/a&gt;。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-3358135921324468492?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/3358135921324468492/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=3358135921324468492' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3358135921324468492'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3358135921324468492'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/12/blog-post_07.html' title='香港大學「數趣漫話」講座'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-3002973948204023716</id><published>2009-12-01T16:26:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2009-12-01T16:30:07.155+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='PCIMC'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='數學競賽'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='MO'/><title type='text'>培正數學邀請賽</title><content type='html'>數學資料庫協辦的「培正數學邀請賽 2010」將於 1 月 23 日（星期六）和 3 月 20 日（星期六）分別舉行初賽和決賽。學校報名的截止日期為 2009 年 12 月 5 日（星期五）。有興趣參賽的同學，可向就讀學校的數學老師查詢有關事宜。其他有關比賽的詳情，可瀏覽&lt;a href="http://www.pca.edu.hk/pcimc/"&gt;比賽網頁&lt;/a&gt;。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-3002973948204023716?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/3002973948204023716/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=3002973948204023716' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3002973948204023716'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3002973948204023716'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/12/blog-post.html' title='培正數學邀請賽'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-3117908070414883435</id><published>2009-11-26T15:41:00.007+08:00</published><updated>2009-11-26T16:04:04.978+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='logarithm'/><title type='text'>Log Is Everywhere</title><content type='html'>今日聽seminar時忽發奇想，不如在這裏玩一個遊戲（要大家參與的）。數學上有很多重要的函數，其中一個就是logarithm（這裏不管是&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?%5Clog_%7B10%7D" /&gt;、&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?%5Clog_2" /&gt;還是&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?%5Clog_e" /&gt;都可以）。這個函數涉及的範疇科目包括數學、物理、化學、計算機科學、各種工程學、天文學、金融等等。我想大家可以在這裏接力每人列三個logarithm出現的地方，看看可以去到幾長。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我先開始吧：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1) &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?1+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D+%5Ccdots+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D=%5CTheta%28%5Cln%20n%29" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2) 一種不穩定的物質進行radioactive decay。若它在&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;k&lt;/span&gt;秒內質量由1變成&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bd%7D" /&gt;，則該物質的half-year為&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?%5Cfrac%7Bk%7D%7B%5Clog_2%20d%7D" /&gt;秒&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3) 絕大部分在現實使用將數字排序（sorting）的算法（algorithm），其運算時間為&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?%5CTheta%28n%5Clog%20n%29" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;------&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;規則：每人只可以列最多三個，但少一些是可以的（就是說你只想到一個，就列一個吧）。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-3117908070414883435?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/3117908070414883435/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=3117908070414883435' title='6 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3117908070414883435'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3117908070414883435'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/11/log-is-everywhere.html' title='Log Is Everywhere'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1496007709840129823</id><published>2009-11-21T03:08:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T03:13:07.594+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='scholarship'/><title type='text'>UCLA Undergraduate Math Scholarship</title><content type='html'>廣告一則。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;曾經參與國際數學奧林匹克（或其他國際性數學比賽）的中六至中七學生，可考慮申請UCLA以下獎學金：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://terrytao.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/ucla-math-seeks-exceptional-student-for-undergraduate-merit-scholarship/"&gt;http://terrytao.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/ucla-math-seeks-exceptional-student-for-undergraduate-merit-scholarship/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;若有人知道有人適合申請，請代為通傳一下。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;另，相信這個獎學金不是搞一年就算，所以符合條件的中四或中五學生亦可考慮下一/二年申請。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1496007709840129823?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1496007709840129823/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1496007709840129823' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1496007709840129823'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1496007709840129823'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/11/ucla-undergraduate-math-scholarship.html' title='UCLA Undergraduate Math Scholarship'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-925296879346974972</id><published>2009-11-20T23:51:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2009-11-20T23:51:20.073+08:00</updated><title type='text'>電子簽名…(上)</title><content type='html'>在這個訊息化的世代當中，相信你對 電郵、電子証書等等字眼也不會感到陌生。&lt;br /&gt;往下閱讀前先來一個熱身吧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(i) 在數碼世界中，到底有冇沒有電子郵票呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(ii) 一張証書經掃瞄器傳入電腦後的檔案是電子証書嗎？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;那麽你對電子簽名 (數碼簽名) 這個名詞有認識嗎？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;小故事一則: (附註：真人真事)&lt;br /&gt;四封簡短的電子郵件&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A : "Could you put your electronic signature in the document discussed earlier?"&lt;br /&gt;B : "As I don't have any electronic signature, I signed it on the hard copy which your helper is keeping."&lt;br /&gt;A : "What I meant was if you could scan your signature and merge it into the document."&lt;br /&gt;B : (His mind: Ok....WXF...) "Done, the signed document is attached"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;問題:&lt;br /&gt;(1) 你能理解B先生 心裏浮現 WXF 的理由嗎？&lt;br /&gt;(2) 到底B先生的簽署是否一個電子簽名呢？&lt;br /&gt;(3) B先生最後送出的文件的簽名有法律效力嗎？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;引伸問題:&lt;br /&gt;假設B先生十天後反悔，口頭上否認那一份文件的簽署，&lt;br /&gt;你能找出證據指証B先生曾經簽署嗎？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;那麽電子簽名指的是什麼呢？背後的原理又是怎樣呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;留待下回揭曉&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ami~wkc&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;p.s.&lt;br /&gt;廣告：&lt;br /&gt;徵求掃瞄一整本書的快速方法&lt;br /&gt;答： 先把書本解體然後放進掃瞄器&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-925296879346974972?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/925296879346974972/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=925296879346974972' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/925296879346974972'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/925296879346974972'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post.html' title='電子簽名…(上)'/><author><name>izayoi_ami</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10251463088061209786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8364968613265729397</id><published>2009-11-13T12:37:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2009-11-13T12:38:24.802+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='質數'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='prime'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='數論'/><title type='text'>Bertrand's Postulate</title><content type='html'>Bertrand's Postulate says that for any integer &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; &gt; 1 there is a prime number &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt; such that &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; &lt; &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt; &lt; 2&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;. Here's a link to a beautiful and elementary proof of this fact: &lt;a href="http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/51527.html"&gt;http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/51527.html&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8364968613265729397?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8364968613265729397/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8364968613265729397' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8364968613265729397'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8364968613265729397'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/11/bertrands-postulate.html' title='Bertrand&apos;s Postulate'/><author><name>Polam</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11453924752347507040</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8816014788700779619</id><published>2009-11-12T14:40:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2009-11-13T12:30:07.198+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='analysis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='prime'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='series'/><title type='text'>A beautiful solution</title><content type='html'>Suppose you want to prove that the sum of 1/(m^2 + n^2) diverges as m,n ranges over all positive integers. What do you do?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here's a very beautiful solution, from one of my students in an undergraduate complex analysis class:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Every prime of the form 4k+1 is expressible as the sum of two squares. Hence the previous sum is bounded below by the sum of 1/p, where p ranges over all primes that are congruent to 1 mod 4. The latter sum diverges. Q.E.D.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8816014788700779619?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8816014788700779619/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8816014788700779619' title='5 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8816014788700779619'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8816014788700779619'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/11/beautiful-solution.html' title='A beautiful solution'/><author><name>Polam</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11453924752347507040</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-3335743834979545109</id><published>2009-11-04T03:00:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2009-11-04T03:02:37.318+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='joke'/><title type='text'>Daily Life Application of Number Theory</title><content type='html'>A message from UC Berkeley (exact situation unknown):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Warning: Due to a known bug, the default Linux document viewer evince prints &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;*&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;N&lt;/span&gt; copies of a PDF file when &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;N&lt;/span&gt; copies requested. As a workaround, use Adobe Reader acroread for printing multiple copies of PDF documents, or use the fact that every natural number is a sum of at most four squares.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-3335743834979545109?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/3335743834979545109/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=3335743834979545109' title='2 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3335743834979545109'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3335743834979545109'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/11/daily-life-application-of-number-theory.html' title='Daily Life Application of Number Theory'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8327084676688149951</id><published>2009-10-23T17:32:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2009-10-23T17:36:09.583+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='活動'/><title type='text'>數學講座</title><content type='html'>日期：2009 年 11 月 20 日（星期五）&lt;br /&gt;時間：下午 6 時 30 分至 8 時 30 分&lt;br /&gt;地點：香港城市大學教學樓四樓 LT18 演講廳&lt;br /&gt;講者：曾淵滄博士&lt;br /&gt;講題：投資全攻略&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;簡介：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;"&gt;本講座旨在從科學角度與重點介紹甚麼是管理科學，亦討論管理科學如何在投資及財務應用方面所扮演之角色。本講座亦專為有志參加快張開辦的統計學課程而設。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有關其他詳情及報名方法，可瀏覽&lt;a href="http://hkage.org.hk/b5/new/Students/ma/0910003/poster.pdf"&gt;這裡&lt;/a&gt;。&lt;br /&gt;（如果無法載入，可複製網址 http://hkage.org.hk/b5/new/Students/ma/0910003/poster.pdf）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8327084676688149951?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8327084676688149951/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8327084676688149951' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8327084676688149951'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8327084676688149951'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/10/blog-post_23.html' title='數學講座'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-123241054761172131</id><published>2009-10-19T00:00:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2009-10-19T00:00:01.765+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='歷史'/><title type='text'>死後的paper？</title><content type='html'>前兩天聽了一個關於random graph的seminar，回到辦公室就拿起Janson, Luczak和Rucinski的Random Graphs查一些terms的意思。隨手一揭，見到Erdős, Suen和Winkler在1995年一起出了一份paper。當時我想如果這是Paul Erdős的話，他不是已經離世很久了嗎？但查一查&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s"&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;，才知道他是在1996年離世的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;但另外查一查&lt;a href="http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/indices/a-tree/e/Erd=ouml=s:Paul.html"&gt;DBLP&lt;/a&gt;，竟發現Paul Erdős直到2006年為止仍然有聯名的paper發。究竟是因為其他的作者在十多年前和他討論得出成果，所以將Paul Erdős的名字寫在作者欄上，還是這個世界上有另一個Paul Erdos呢？煩請有識之士指點迷津。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-123241054761172131?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/123241054761172131/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=123241054761172131' title='2 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/123241054761172131'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/123241054761172131'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/10/paper.html' title='死後的paper？'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-6954522806126714218</id><published>2009-10-14T11:27:00.006+08:00</published><updated>2009-10-14T13:00:29.652+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='analysis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='不等式'/><title type='text'>AM-GM 不等式的幾個證明（六）</title><content type='html'>看見 Kahoo 給了 AM-GM 不等式這麼多個精彩的證明，不禁想再來一個用微分和凸函数 (convex functions) 的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這裏我們只需留意對任意實數 &lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt; 和 &lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;，&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?e^x - e^a \geq e^a (x-a)"/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這不等式可以用很多不同的方法來證明，其中要想清楚當中的概念的，比較好的方法，是留意 &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?e^x"/&gt; 是一凸函數，故其導數是遞增的，用中值定理即可推出上述不等式。（也可以不失一般性假設&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?a = 0"/&gt;，從而用一元微積分或 &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?e^x"/&gt; 的 Taylor 展開求得此不等式。）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有了這不等式以後，對正數 &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?x_1, \dots, x_n"/&gt;，&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?x_k = e^{\log x_k} \geq e^a + e^a (\log x_k - a), \qquad k = 1,\dots,n"/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這裏 &lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt; 可以是任何實數。把上列的不等式平均起來，得到&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?\frac{x_1+\dots+x_n}{n} \geq e^a + e^a \left(\frac{\log x_1 + \dots + \log x_n}{n} - a\right)"/&gt; ------(1)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;取 &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?a = \frac{\log x_1 + \dots + \log x_n}{n}"/&gt;，則&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?\frac{x_1+\dots+x_n}{n} \geq e^{\frac{\log x_1 + \dots + \log x_n}{n}} = (x_1 \dots x_n)^{\frac{1}{n}}"/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;從而 AM-GM 不等式得證。事實上不等式 (1) 的右邊是一關於 &lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt; 的函數，左邊則跟 &lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt; 無關，所以我們會取的 &lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt; 使得 (1) 的右邊達至最大值，而這正是我們上面這樣取 &lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt; 的原因。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這證明的一個好處，是我們可以用同樣的辦法證明以下這個 AM-GM 不等式的推廣：對任意 &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?x_1,\dots,x_n \geq 0"/&gt;，和任意正數 &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?\lambda_1,\dots,\lambda_n"/&gt; 使得 &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?\lambda_1+\dots+\lambda_n = 1"/&gt;，有&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?\lambda_1 x_1 + \dots + \lambda_n x_n \geq x_1^{\lambda_1} \dots x_n^{\lambda_n}"/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;從上面的討論可知，其實 AM-GM 不等式是函數 &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?e^x"/&gt; 的 convexity 的反映。對任何的凸函數 &lt;i&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;，我們都有 Jensen 不等式，詳見 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jensen%27s_inequality"&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-6954522806126714218?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/6954522806126714218/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=6954522806126714218' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6954522806126714218'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6954522806126714218'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/10/am-gm_14.html' title='AM-GM 不等式的幾個證明（六）'/><author><name>Polam</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11453924752347507040</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-7791251527701731404</id><published>2009-10-11T16:42:00.005+08:00</published><updated>2009-10-11T17:27:33.784+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='不等式'/><title type='text'>AM-GM 不等式的幾個證明（五）</title><content type='html'>作為本系列的完結篇，我們看看 AM-GM 不等式的一個不用數學歸納法的證明。本證明主要用到排序不等式，此不等式指出若 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?a_1%5Cle%20a_2%5Cle%5Ccdots%5Cle%20a_n" align="middle" /&gt; 而 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?b_1%5Cle%20b_2%5Cle%5Ccdots%5Cle%20b_n" align="middle" /&gt;，那麼當我們把這些 a&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; 和 b&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;「配對相乘再相加」時，有以下不等式：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img id="equationview" name="equationview" onload="processEquationChange()" src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cbegin%7Balign*%7D%20&amp;amp;%5C%20a_1b_n+a_2b_%7Bn-1%7D+%5Ccdots+a_nb_1%5C%5C%20%5Cle&amp;amp;%5C%20a_1b_%7Bf%281%29%7D+a_2b_%7Bf%282%29%7D+%5Ccdots+a_nb_%7Bf%28n%29%7D%5C%5C%20%5Cle&amp;amp;%5C%20a_1b_1+a_2b_2+%5Ccdots+a_nb_n%20%5Cend%7Balign*%7D" title="This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program." /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這裡 f(1)、f(2)、…、f(n) 是 1, 2, ..., n 的一個任意排列，而以上不等式中的三行分別叫「逆序和」、「亂序和」和「順序和」。不等式看起來有點複雜，但其實背後意念很簡單：假設一批學生分 n 組比賽（人數分別是 a&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;、a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;、…、a&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;），而每組均選擇 n 種隊服中的一種（價錢分別是 b&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;、b&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;、…、b&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;），那麼最省錢的自然是越多人的組別使用越便宜的隊服（即逆序和），最花錢的自然是越多人的組別使用越貴的隊服（即順序和）。利用排序不等式，不難證明對任意正數 y&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;、y&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;、…、y&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; 皆有&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img id="equationview" name="equationview" onload="processEquationChange()" src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cfrac%7By_1%7D%7By_2%7D+%5Cfrac%7By_2%7D%7By_3%7D+%5Ccdots+%5Cfrac%7By_n%7D%7By_1%7D%5Cge%20n" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;（不失一般性設 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?y_1%5Cle%20y_2%5Cle%5Ccdots%5Cle%20y_n" align="middle" /&gt;，並設 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?a_i=y_i" align="middle" /&gt; 和 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?b_%7Bn-i%7D=%5Cfrac1%7By_i%7D" align="middle" /&gt;，再使用「亂序和 ≧ 逆序和」即可）。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;現在我們用以上結果來證明 AM-GM 不等式。不妨設 x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;x&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;…x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; = 1（這可通過代換 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?x_i%27=%5Cfrac%7Bx_i%7D%7B%5Csqrt[n]%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_n%7D%7D" align="middle" /&gt; 得到），並設&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img id="equationview" name="equationview" onload="processEquationChange()" src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?y_1=%5Cfrac1%7Bx_1%7D,%5Cquad%20y_2=%5Cfrac1%7Bx_1x_2%7D,%5Cquad%5Cldots,%5Cquad%20y_n=%5Cfrac1%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_n%7D=1" title="This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program." /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;即可得&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img id="equationview" name="equationview" onload="processEquationChange()" src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?x_1+x_2+%5Ccdots+x_n=%5Cfrac%7By_n%7D%7By_1%7D+%5Cfrac%7By_1%7D%7By_2%7D+%5Ccdots+%5Cfrac%7By_%7Bn-1%7D%7D%7By_n%7D%5Cge%20n" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;從而證明了 AM-GM 不等式。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;順帶一提，排序不等式的等號成立當且僅當 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?a_1=a_2=%5Ccdots=a_n" align="middle" /&gt; 或 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?b_1=b_2=%5Ccdots=b_n" align="middle" /&gt;，大家不妨試試由此導出 AM-GM 不等式的等號成立當且僅當 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?x_1=x_2=%5Ccdots=x_n" align="middle" /&gt;。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-7791251527701731404?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/7791251527701731404/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=7791251527701731404' title='2 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/7791251527701731404'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/7791251527701731404'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/10/am-gm_11.html' title='AM-GM 不等式的幾個證明（五）'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-4260168001499610592</id><published>2009-10-06T10:09:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2009-10-06T10:40:51.343+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='noise stable'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='fourier transform'/><title type='text'>Gil Kalai's Seminar</title><content type='html'>上週四Hebrew University of Jerusalem和Yale University教授Gil Kalai來了Courant Institute講seminar。大家可能對這個名字有點印象，因為我曾在一篇手記 "Test Your Intuition"中提及他的網誌&lt;a href="http://gilkalai.wordpress.com/"&gt;"Combinatorics and More"&lt;/a&gt;。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;平時同一時段的"theory seminar"，有多於15人已屬罕見，但今次Prof. Kalai來講seminar卻吸引了38人來。平時有空位剩的房間一下子全院滿座，還有幾個人坐地下聽。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prof. Kalai講了三個猜想，其中一個比較易懂和有趣，可以在這裏講講。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;設&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?f:%5C%7B-1,1%5C%7D%5En%5Crightarrow%5C%7B-1,1%5C%7D" /&gt;。我們可以進行一個"Fourier Transform"，即寫成&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?f%28x%29=%5Csum_%7BS%5Csubset%5C%7B1,2,%5Ccdots,n%5C%7D%7D%20%5Chat%7Bf%7D%28S%29%20W_S" /&gt;，當中&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?W_S=%5CPi_%7Bi%5Cin%20S%7D%20x_i" /&gt;（這與一般Fourier Series中的&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?e%5E%7Bi%20n%20x%7D" /&gt;的角色相同。）假設&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?x=(x_1,x_2,\cdots,x_n)" /&gt;，若每一個&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?x_i" /&gt;均獨立地有機會率 &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;t &lt;/span&gt;改變值（即由-1變成1或由1變成-1），若&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?f(x)=f(y)" /&gt;的機會很高，我們就可說 &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;f &lt;/span&gt;是noise stable。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;甚麼情況下 f 是noise stable呢？Prof. Kalai舉了一個有趣的例子，就是說美國總統選舉，若Obama得票的數目是單數他就當選，否則McCain當選，這個選舉就很"noisy"，對吧？由此例子見到，noise stable的函數，它的Fourier expansion&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?f%28x%29=%5Csum_%7BS%5Csubset%5C%7B1,2,%5Ccdots,n%5C%7D%7D%20%5Chat%7Bf%7D%28S%29%20W_S" /&gt;中，當&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;是一個較大的集合時，&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?\hat{f}(S)" /&gt;的值就應該很小。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-4260168001499610592?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/4260168001499610592/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=4260168001499610592' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/4260168001499610592'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/4260168001499610592'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/10/gil-kalais-seminar.html' title='Gil Kalai&apos;s Seminar'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-7602655222862610003</id><published>2009-10-05T15:39:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2009-10-05T15:48:03.175+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='活動'/><title type='text'>數學講座</title><content type='html'>日期：2009 年 11 月 6 日（星期五）&lt;br /&gt;時間：下午 6 時 30 分至 8 時&lt;br /&gt;地點：九龍塘教育服務中心西座四樓演講廳&lt;br /&gt;講者：蕭文強教授&lt;br /&gt;講題：難「分」難「解」的數學&lt;br /&gt;簡介：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:100%;"  &gt;日常生活中不時碰到分配問題，例如工作時分配人手、得到獎賞後分配獎品、各選區分配議席、眾人分配美食等等。易乎？難乎？單單懂得除數是否就足夠呢？在這個講座讓我們一起探索一些有趣的例子。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有關其他詳情及報名方法，可瀏覽&lt;a href="http://hkage.org.hk/b5/new/Students/ma/091106mkma/poster_b5.pdf"&gt;這裡&lt;/a&gt;。&lt;br /&gt;（如果無法載入，可複製網址 http://hkage.org.hk/b5/new/Students/ma/091106mkma/poster_b5.pdf）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-7602655222862610003?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/7602655222862610003/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=7602655222862610003' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/7602655222862610003'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/7602655222862610003'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/10/blog-post.html' title='數學講座'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8653584029292527175</id><published>2009-10-01T09:28:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2009-10-01T13:06:37.853+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='不等式'/><title type='text'>AM-GM 不等式的幾個證明（四）</title><content type='html'>上回看過 AM-GM 不等式的一個「普通數學歸納法」證明。這裡我們再看三個類似的證明。一如之前，設 x&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; 為正數，並已知 AM-GM 不等式對 n=1 和 n=2 成立。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;假設 n=k 時 AM-GM 不等式成立，並考慮 n=k+1 時的情況。如果 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?x_1=x_2=%5Ccdots=x_%7Bk+1%7D" title="x_1=x_2=\cdots=x_{k+1}" align="middle" /&gt;，則 AM-GM 不等式顯然成立，否則不妨設各數中 x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; 最小，x&lt;sub&gt;k+1&lt;/sub&gt; 最大，那麼這 k+1 個數的平均（不論是算術平均或是幾何平均）均大於 x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; 而小於 x&lt;sub&gt;k+1&lt;/sub&gt;。以下用三個方法證明 n=k+1 的情況。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;方法一&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;設 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?G_%7Bk+1%7D=%5Csqrt[k+1]%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_%7Bk+1%7D%7D" title="G_{k+1}=\sqrt[k+1]{x_1x_2\cdots x_{k+1}}" align="middle" /&gt;。由歸納假設可知&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cfrac%7B%7Bx_1x_%7Bk+1%7D%7D%7D%7B%7B%28G_%7Bk+1%7D%29%5E2%7D%7D%20+%20%5Cfrac%7B%7Bx_2%20%7D%7D%7B%7BG_%7Bk+1%7D%7D%7D+%5Ccdots+%5Cfrac%7B%7Bx_%7Bk+1%7D%7D%7D%7B%7BG_%7Bk+1%7D%7D%7D%5Cge%20k%5Ccdot%5Csqrt[k]%7B%7B%5Cfrac%7B%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_%7Bk%20+%201%7D%20%7D%7D%7B%7B%28G_%7Bk+1%7D%29%5E%7Bk+1%7D%7D%7D%7D%7D%20=%20k" align="middle" /&gt;，&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;從而 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cfrac%7B%7Bx_1%20%7D%7D%7B%7BG_%7Bk%20+%201%7D%20%7D%7D%20+%20%5Ccdots%20+%20%5Cfrac%7B%7Bx_%7Bk%20+%201%7D%20%7D%7D%7B%7BG_%7Bk%20+%201%7D%20%7D%7D%20%5Cge%20k%20-%20%5Cfrac%7B%7Bx_1%20x_%7Bk%20+%201%7D%20%7D%7D%7B%7B%28G_%7Bk%20+%201%7D%20%29%5E2%20%7D%7D%20+%20%5Cfrac%7B%7Bx_1%20+%20x_%7Bk%20+%201%7D%20%7D%7D%7B%7BG_%7Bk%20+%201%7D%20%7D%7D%20%5Cge%20k%20+%201" align="middle" /&gt;，其中最後一個不等式成立是因為&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cfrac%7B%7Bx_1%20+%20x_%7Bk%20+%201%7D%20%7D%7D%7B%7BG_%7Bk%20+%201%7D%20%7D%7D%20-%20%5Cfrac%7By%7D%7B%7B%28G_%7Bk%20+%201%7D%20%29%5E2%20%7D%7D%20%5Cge%201%20%5CLeftrightarrow%20%28G_%7Bk%20+%201%7D%20-%20x_1%20%29%28G_%7Bk%20+%201%7D%20-%20x_%7Bk%20+%201%7D%20%29%20%5Cge%200" align="middle" /&gt;。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;方法二&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;設 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?R=%5Cfrac%7B%5Csqrt[k]%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_k%7D%7D%7Bx_%7Bk+1%7D%7D" align="middle" /&gt;，則 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?0%3CR%3C1" align="middle" /&gt;，故此&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img id="equationview" name="equationview" onload="processEquationChange()" title="This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program." src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5C100dpi%20%5Cbegin%7Balign*%7D%20x_1+x_2+%5Ccdots+x_%7Bk+1%7D&amp;amp;%5Cge%28kR+1%29x_%7Bk+1%7D%5C%5C%20&amp;amp;=%5Cleft[%5Cleft%281-R%5E%7B%5Cfrac1%7Bk+1%7D%7D%5Cright%29%5Cleft%281+R%5E%7B%5Cfrac1%7Bk+1%7D%7D+%5Ccdots+R%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bk%7D%7Bk+1%7D%7D%5Cright%29%5Cright]x_%7Bk+1%7D%5C%5C%20&amp;amp;%3E%5Cleft[%5Cleft%281-R%5E%7B%5Cfrac1%7Bk+1%7D%7D%5Cright%29%28k+1%29R%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bk%7D%7Bk+1%7D%7D%5Cright]x_%7Bk+1%7D%5C%5C%20&amp;amp;=%28k+1%29%5Csqrt[k+1]%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_%7Bk+1%7D%7D%20%5Cend%7Balign*%7D" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;r&gt;&lt;r&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;方法三&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/r&gt;&lt;/r&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;r&gt;&lt;r&gt;&lt;/r&gt;&lt;/r&gt;&lt;img id="equationview" name="equationview" onload="processEquationChange()" title="This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program." src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5C100dpi%20%5Cbegin%7Balign*%7D%20%5Cfrac%7Bx_1+x_2+%5Ccdots+x_%7Bk+1%7D%7D%7Bk+1%7D&amp;amp;%5Cge%5Cfrac%7Bk%5Csqrt[k]%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_%7Bk%7D%7D+x_%7Bk+1%7D%7D%7Bk+1%7D%5C%5C%20&amp;amp;=%5Csqrt[k]%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_%7Bk%7D%7D+%5Cfrac%7Bx_%7Bk+1%7D-%5Csqrt[k]%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_%7Bk%7D%7D%7D%7Bk+1%7D%5C%5C%20&amp;amp;=%5Csqrt[k+1]%7B%5Cleft%28%5Csqrt[k]%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_%7Bk%7D%7D+%5Cfrac%7Bx_%7Bk+1%7D-%5Csqrt[k]%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_%7Bk%7D%7D%7D%7Bk+1%7D%5Cright%29%5E%7Bk+1%7D%7D%5C%5C%20&amp;amp;%3E%5Csqrt[k+1]%7B%5Cleft%28%5Csqrt[k]%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_%7Bk%7D%7D%5Cright%29%5E%7Bk+1%7D+%28k+1%29%5Cleft%28%5Csqrt[k]%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_%7Bk%7D%7D%5Cright%29%5E%7Bk%7D%5Cleft%28%5Cfrac%7Bx_%7Bk+1%7D-%5Csqrt[k]%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_%7Bk%7D%7D%7D%7Bk+1%7D%5Cright%29%7D%5C%5C%20&amp;amp;=%5Csqrt[k+1]%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_%7Bk+1%7D%7D%20%5Cend%7Balign*%7D" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;r&gt;&lt;r&gt;&lt;/r&gt;&lt;/r&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;r&gt;&lt;r&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;除了用數學歸納法外，AM-GM 不等式還可以用其他方法來證明，我們下回再看。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/r&gt;&lt;/r&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8653584029292527175?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8653584029292527175/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8653584029292527175' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8653584029292527175'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8653584029292527175'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/10/am-gm.html' title='AM-GM 不等式的幾個證明（四）'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8428922351677992136</id><published>2009-09-27T11:08:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2009-09-30T09:42:00.666+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='不等式'/><title type='text'>AM-GM 不等式的幾個證明（三）</title><content type='html'>在早前的文章中：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/09/am-gm.html"&gt;AM-GM 不等式的幾個證明（一）&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/09/am-gm_06.html"&gt;AM-GM 不等式的幾個證明（二）&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我們看過 AM-GM 不等式在 n=2 的情況時的一個「無言證明」，和一般情況的一個「反向歸納法」證明。這裡我們看一個使用一般數學歸納法的證明。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;設 &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?A_n=%5Cfrac%7Bx_1+x_2+%5Ccdots+x_n%7Dn" align="middle" /&gt;、&lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?G_n=%5Csqrt[n]%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_n%7D" align="middle" /&gt;，其中所有 x&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; 皆是正數。正如上回所說，我們有 A&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; = G&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; 和 A&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ≧ G&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;。假設 A&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt; ≧ G&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;。以下證明 A&lt;sub&gt;k+1&lt;/sub&gt; ≧ G&lt;sub&gt;k+1&lt;/sub&gt;：我們有&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img id="equationview" name="equationview" onload="processEquationChange()" title="This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program." src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?A_%7Bk+1%7D%5Cge%20G_%7Bk+1%7D%20%5CLeftrightarrow%20A_%7Bk+1%7D%5E%7Bk+1%7D%5Cge%20G_%7Bk+1%7D%5E%7Bk+1%7D%20%5CLeftrightarrow%20A_%7Bk+1%7D%5E%7B2k%7D%5Cge%20A_%7Bk+1%7D%5E%7Bk-1%7DG_%7Bk+1%7D%5E%7Bk+1%7D%20%5CLeftrightarrow%20A_%7Bk+1%7D%5Cge%5Csqrt[2k]%7BA_%7Bk+1%7D%5E%7Bk-1%7DG_%7Bk+1%7D%5E%7Bk+1%7D%7D" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;而&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img id="equationview" name="equationview" onload="processEquationChange()" title="This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program." src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cbegin%7Balign*%7D%20%5Csqrt[2k]%7BA_%7Bk+1%7D%5E%7Bk-1%7DG_%7Bk+1%7D%5E%7Bk+1%7D%7D&amp;amp;=%5Csqrt[2k]%7BA_%7Bk+1%7D%5E%7Bk-1%7Dx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_%7Bk+1%7D%7D%5C%5C%20&amp;amp;=%5Csqrt%7B%5Csqrt[k]%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_k%7D%5Csqrt[k]%7Bx_%7Bk+1%7DA_%7Bk+1%7D%5E%7Bk-1%7D%7D%7D%5C%5C%20&amp;amp;%5Cle%5Cfrac12%5Cleft%28%5Csqrt[k]%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_k%7D+%5Csqrt[k]%7Bx_%7Bk+1%7DA_%7Bk+1%7D%5E%7Bk-1%7D%7D%5Cright%29%5C%5C%20&amp;amp;%5Cle%5Cfrac12%5Cleft%28%5Cfrac%7Bx_1+x_2+%5Ccdots+x_k%7Dk+%5Cfrac%7Bx_%7Bk+1%7D+A_%7Bk+1%7D+A_%7Bk+1%7D+%5Ccdots+A_%7Bk+1%7D%7Dk%20%5Cright%20%29%5C%5C%20&amp;amp;%5Cle%5Cfrac1%7B2k%7D[%28k+1%29A_%7Bk+1%7D+%28k-1%29A_%7Bk+1%7D]%5C%5C%20&amp;amp;=A_%7Bk+1%7D%20%5Cend%7Balign*%7D" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;因此 AM-GM 不等式對所有正整數 n 皆成立。使用數學歸納法證明 AM-GM 不等式的技巧還有很多，甚至有些證明可以不必使用數學歸納法，我們下回再看。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8428922351677992136?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8428922351677992136/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8428922351677992136' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8428922351677992136'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8428922351677992136'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/09/am-gm_27.html' title='AM-GM 不等式的幾個證明（三）'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1631988570646220084</id><published>2009-09-22T08:00:00.005+08:00</published><updated>2009-09-22T08:00:00.328+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='概率'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='probability'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='markov chain'/><title type='text'>洗幾次牌先「夠」？</title><content type='html'>一幅啤牌52隻，發展出很多趣的遊戲出來，包括橋牌、「鋤大D」、廿一點等等。每盤遊戲結束，指定動作就是洗牌。相信你一定見到有人隨便「cut兩cut」就算，但亦有人洗一次牌洗成分鐘，有點掃興的味道。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;究竟，洗牌要洗幾多次先「夠」？&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;要回答這條問題前，首先要定義甚麼是「夠」。從概率學上，「夠」可以定義為每一個可能性出現的機會都（大約）相等。1992年Bayer和Diaconis研究了以下一種洗牌方法（以下一段不只針對啤牌；一幅牌可以有&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;隻）：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;首先一幅牌排成一疊，然後每隻牌順序抽出，再擲骰仔決定放左面還是右面：若是單數放左面，若是雙數放右面。然後將左面的牌疊在右面的牌的上方。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這種洗牌方法叫inverse Gilbert-Shannon-Reeds shuffle (inverse GSR shuffle)。Bayer和Diaconis証明了若進行大約&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?%5Cfrac%7B3%7D%7B2%7D%5Clog_2%20n" /&gt;次inverse GSR shuffle，副牌就大約「洗勻」了。換言之，對啤牌來說，需要洗牌大約 8.55 次。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;當然，現實中用inverse GSR shuffle未免太慢了（擲52次骰仔，每次1秒，再加其餘動作，最少也要1分鐘吧）。但大家想想，若inverse GSR shuffle如兩段前所述，那麼&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;non-inverse&lt;/span&gt; GSR shuffle會是怎樣的？大家又是否覺得似曾相識呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-----&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Below is for more advanced math students. Only people who have some background on Markov Chain theory should continue reading:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For those who know about Markov Chain theory, you may easily see that it is a Markov process. As every element in the symmetric group has an inverse, it is easy to observe that the eigenvector with eigenvalue 1 is indeed the "uniform distribution vector".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The period of the corresponding stochastic matrix must be 1, since there is non-zero probability that the inverse GSR shuffle remains the deck unchanged. Hence by Perron-Frobenius theorem, all other eigenvectors must be with eigenvalue of modulus strictly less than 1. So after shuffling sufficiently many times, no matter how the intial distribution is, it must converge to the unifrom distribution.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In other words, you may say converging to uniform distribution is an immediate result of Perron-Frobenius theorem. Bayer and Diaconis were analyzing &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;how fast the convergence is&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1631988570646220084?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1631988570646220084/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1631988570646220084' title='1 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1631988570646220084'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1631988570646220084'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/09/blog-post_20.html' title='洗幾次牌先「夠」？'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1200411860271405039</id><published>2009-09-17T18:59:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2009-09-17T19:25:34.243+08:00</updated><title type='text'>巧合？造馬？</title><content type='html'>最近，保加利亞的六合彩（1 至 42 號，每期攪珠抽出六個號碼）連續兩期開出相同的號碼（例如可以參考&lt;a href="http://www.atchinese.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=article&amp;amp;id=61271:2009-09-17-06-22-42&amp;amp;catid=22&amp;amp;Itemid=31"&gt;這篇報導&lt;/a&gt;），惹來造馬疑雲。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;報導指出，數學家估計兩期相同中獎號碼的機會率是 420 萬分之 1，那是不正確的，因為 C(42,6) = 5245786，因此機會率應是約 520 萬分之 1 才對。（每星期開彩兩次的話，平均每 50000 年這才會發生一次。但如果我們考慮不同國家的彩票的話，出現這情況的頻率會大大提高，例如如果有 1000 個同樣的彩票的話，那麼平均每 50 年便會有一次這樣的事件了。）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有人認為事件乃造馬，其中一個理據是第一次開那六個號碼時沒有人中獎，第二次時卻有 18 人中。這個理據顯然沒有說服力，因為總可能有些人投注時喜歡「照抄」上期的六個號碼，所以有多人中獎並不出奇。（同樣，如果開出「1、2、3、4、5、6」的話，中獎的人必定很多，所以投注這些「特別組合」是不智的。）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;那到底事件是巧合還是造馬呢？這個還得等待當地政府的特別調查結果，不過也可以客觀分析一下：整個攪珠過程是電視直播的，現場亦有獨立委員監察，要造馬成功的話，要買通所有監察委員，再要騙過電視觀眾，難度並不低。此外，如果事件真的是造馬的話，那麼造馬的人也未免太傻了：竟然選擇重再之前一期的號碼，不但令事件惹來世界注目，而且正如之前所說，這樣的號碼組合肯定會令中獎人數激增，從而分薄派彩。如果有能力造馬的話，為何不選擇六個平平無奇的號碼，那不但神不知鬼不覺，而且派彩也更加豐厚。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;當然，巧合和造馬之間也有一些其他可能性的，例如會否是攪珠機的構造導致某些號碼特別容易被攪出？這個還是留待統計學家、機械學家、工程學家、……用他們的方法驗證吧。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1200411860271405039?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1200411860271405039/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1200411860271405039' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1200411860271405039'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1200411860271405039'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/09/blog-post_17.html' title='巧合？造馬？'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-164824765974455420</id><published>2009-09-16T23:00:00.005+08:00</published><updated>2009-09-18T04:10:29.353+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='拍賣'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Game Theory'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='auction'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='博奕論'/><title type='text'>拍賣方法的藝術</title><content type='html'>「潛水」了兩個月，事關七月、八月初都在科大寫paper，忙到不得了，而八月中下旬就要準備出國和參加一連串的farewell。對了，我現在身處New York，正在New York University的Courant Institute讀PhD in Computer Science。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;雖然讀的博士銜頭表面上轉了科，但做的事還是跟數學脫不了勾；這也証明了在科學的學術界上數學幾乎是無處不在的。最近在看一本上，講algorithmic game theory。我見到一個結果很漂亮的，想在這裏和大家分享一下。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有以下這個情況：有一幅名畫要拍賣，而有&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;個買家。設買家&lt;i&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;心中看這幅畫的價值是&lt;i&gt;p&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;。若買家最後買不到畫，他最終的「滿足度」為0；若他以價格&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;買了這幅畫，他的「滿足度」為&lt;i&gt;p&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;-p&lt;/i&gt;。而買家們的目標都是令滿足度盡量大。所以，買家&lt;i&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;是絕不會以高於&lt;i&gt;p&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;的價錢買畫的，因為他不買的話滿足度為0，但他以高於&lt;i&gt;p&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;的價錢買畫，滿足度就變了負數。拍賣以「投暗標」方式進行，即每名買家只可向拍賣行提一次價，而這個價是保密的——其他買家是不知道的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;決定名畫誰屬的第一種方法就是大家所想的：價高者得。這個方法叫first price auction。假設買家們都不知道其他買家心中看名畫的價值，那麼他們應如何出價呢？他們就要估其他畫家看這幅畫的價值，對不對？若看這幅畫價值最高的幾個買家都錯誤地低估其他買家的叫價，名畫賣出的價錢恐怕就要大大降低。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有沒有其他方法令買家投標價就是他們各自的&lt;i&gt;p&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;呢？有！這個方法叫second price auction。方法是：各買家投暗標後，投標價最高者以投標第二高價購得名畫。即是說，若四名買家投標價分別是14M、12M、8M和6M，第一名買家將以12M價格購得名畫。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這時，大家要仔細想一想。買家的確是會以各自的&lt;i&gt;p&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;投標的；因為無論其他人投標價如何，若他們以低於&lt;i&gt;p&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;的價格投標，都不可能會有better benefit。以上一段的例子來說，第一名買家不論以14M或13M投標，他最後的滿足度都是14M-12M = 2M；但若他以11M投標，他們滿足度就是0。以低於&lt;i&gt;p&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;投標只會令滿足度有減少的風險。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;現在回到first price auction。假設買家們還是不知道其他買家心中對名畫的價格，但現時卻有多一點的資料：買家心中價格滿足一個probability distribution。那麼，買家們應該怎樣投標呢？我們可以見到一個很漂亮與second price auction呼應的答案：假設自己心中價格是最高，然後以second highest bidding的預期值（expected value）投標。舉例說，若那個probability distribution是說買家心中價格在6M至18M之間平均分佈，那麼心中價格是14M的買家就應以(6+14)M/2 = 10M的價格投標。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-164824765974455420?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/164824765974455420/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=164824765974455420' title='3 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/164824765974455420'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/164824765974455420'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/09/blog-post_16.html' title='拍賣方法的藝術'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1592660072014298469</id><published>2009-09-12T23:03:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2009-09-12T23:34:21.552+08:00</updated><title type='text'>等巴士之謎</title><content type='html'>假設某路線的巴士每 20 分鐘一班。如果乘客到達車站的時間是隨機的，而巴士又永遠準時到站的話，那麼乘客的平均候車時間是 10 分鐘（當然，最短的候車時間是 0 分鐘，最長則是 20 分鐘）。&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);"&gt;如果班次不準確但車子的數目不變的話（例如有些班次早到數分鐘，有些遲到數分鐘），那麼對乘客的平均候車時間將有何影響？&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;看下去之前，不妨停下來先想想。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;由於車子的數目不變，那麼有些班次早到而有些遲到的話，表面上平均候車時間似乎不變（車子遲來的話，有些人久等了，但有些卻因而趕上該車子，而車子早來的情況也類似），其實不然。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;考慮一下這個頗為極端的情況：單數的班次（第 1 班、第 3 班、……）總是遲到 10 分鐘，而雙數的班次則總是早到 10 分鐘。那麼，20 分鐘一班的巴士會變成每 40 分鐘一次過來兩班，但對乘客來說這跟每 40 分鐘一班沒有分別 -- 平均候車時間變成了 20 分鐘！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;再考慮另一個情況：單數的班次總是遲到 3 分鐘，而雙數的班次則總是早到 3 分鐘。那麼從某班單數的班次開出到下一個單數班次到站的 40 分鐘可視為一個循環，如果我們假設這 40 分鐘期間每分鐘有一名乘客到達車站的話，那麼他們的候車時間分別為 14、13、…、1、0、25、24、…、1、0 分鐘，不難發現平均候車時間超過 10 分鐘（可以不經計算而看出此事嗎？）。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一般來說，如果巴士並非全部準時到達的話，那麼平均候車時間便會超過 10 分鐘。因為時間是連續的，要嚴謹證明這事有點麻煩，故這裡從略。不過懂得積分（integration）的讀者可以一試，事實上以上結果是排序不等式（rearrangement inequality）的一個「連續版（continuous version）」呢。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1592660072014298469?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1592660072014298469/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1592660072014298469' title='3 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1592660072014298469'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1592660072014298469'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/09/blog-post.html' title='等巴士之謎'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1298302537831319612</id><published>2009-09-06T17:09:00.005+08:00</published><updated>2009-09-09T21:11:42.867+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='不等式'/><title type='text'>AM-GM 不等式的幾個證明（二）</title><content type='html'>上回給了 AM-GM 不等式的一個「無言證明」，但那只適用於 n=2 的情況。這次我們看一個完整的證明，方法是用「反向歸納法（backward induction）」。在 AM-GM 不等式的眾多證明中，這可說是最常見的一個。或者換個角度說會較為適合：在反向歸納法的眾多例子中，AM-GM 不等式是最常見的一個。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這裡先概述一下證明的方法。當 n=1 時，AM-GM 不等式顯然成立。當 n=2 時，我們也很容易證明 AM-GM 不等式成立，這是因為&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img id="equationview" name="equationview" onload="processEquationChange()" src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cfrac%7Bx_1+x_2%7D2%5Cge%5Csqrt%7Bx_1x_2%7D%5Cquad%5CLeftrightarrow%5Cquad%5Cleft%28%5Csqrt%7Bx_1%7D-%5Csqrt%7Bx_2%7D%5Cright%29%5E2%5Cge0" title="This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program." /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;而後者顯然正確。利用以上已證明的 n=2 結果（即兩個正數的算術平均大於或等於它們的幾何平均），我們有&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img id="equationview" name="equationview" onload="processEquationChange()" src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cbegin%7Balign*%7D%20%5Cfrac%7Bx_1+x_2+x_3+x_4%7D4&amp;amp;=%5Cfrac12%5Cleft%28%5Cfrac%7Bx_1+x_2%7D2+%5Cfrac%7Bx_3+x_4%7D2%20%5Cright%20%29%5C%5C%20&amp;amp;%5Cge%5Cfrac12%5Cleft%28%5Csqrt%7Bx_1x_2%7D+%5Csqrt%7Bx_3x_4%7D%5Cright%29%5C%5C%20&amp;amp;%5Cge%5Csqrt%5Cleft%28%5Csqrt%7Bx_1x_2%7D%5Cright%29%5Cleft%28%5Csqrt%7Bx_3x_4%7D%5Cright%29%5C%5C%20&amp;amp;=%5Csqrt%5B4%5D%7Bx_1x_2x_3x_4%7D%20%5Cend%7Balign*%7D" title="This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program." /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;從而 AM-GM 不等式對於 n=4 也成立（注意這裡兩次用到 n=2 時的結果）。由於以上不等式對任意四個正數 x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;、x&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;、x&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;、x&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; 成立，故特別地當 &lt;img id="equationview" name="equationview" onload="processEquationChange()" src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?x_4=%5Cfrac%7Bx_1+x_2+x_3%7D3" title="This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program." align="middle" /&gt; 時也成立，從而有&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img id="equationview" name="equationview" onload="processEquationChange()" src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cbegin%7Balign*%7D%20%5Cfrac%7Bx_1+x_2+x_3+%5Cfrac%7Bx_1+x_2+x_3%7D3%7D4&amp;amp;%5Cge%5Csqrt%5B4%5D%7Bx_1x_2x_3%5Cleft%28%5Cfrac%7Bx_1+x_2+x_3%7D3%5Cright%20%29%7D%5C%5C%20%5Cfrac%7Bx_1+x_2+x_3%7D3&amp;amp;%5Cge%5Cleft%28%5Cfrac%7Bx_1+x_2+x_3%7D3%20%5Cright%20%29%5E%7B%5Cfrac14%7D%5Csqrt%5B4%5D%7Bx_1x_2x_3%7D%5C%5C%20%5Cleft%28%5Cfrac%7Bx_1+x_2+x_3%7D3%20%5Cright%20%29%5E%7B%5Cfrac34%7D&amp;amp;%5Cge%5Csqrt%5B4%5D%7Bx_1x_2x_3%7D%5C%5C%20%5Cfrac%7Bx_1+x_2+x_3%7D3&amp;amp;%5Cge%5Csqrt%5B3%5D%7Bx_1x_2x_3%7D%20%5Cend%7Balign*%7D" title="This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program." /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;這樣我們便從 n=4 的情況證明了 n=3 的情況！重覆以上的步驟，我們可以從 n=4 的情況推導出 n=8 的情況，再反向推導出 n=7、n=6 和 n=5 的情況，如此類推。這就是反向歸納法背後的理念。有興趣細讀詳情的話，可以參閱數學資料庫這份&lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/notes_download/elementary/algebra/ae_A2.pdf"&gt;《數學歸納法》筆記&lt;/a&gt;中的 Theorem 3.5 和 Example 3.5。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;證明 AM-GM 不等式還有很多其他方法，下回繼續。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1298302537831319612?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1298302537831319612/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1298302537831319612' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1298302537831319612'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1298302537831319612'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/09/am-gm_06.html' title='AM-GM 不等式的幾個證明（二）'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1960486416358613238</id><published>2009-08-31T20:18:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2009-09-08T21:01:32.127+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='不等式'/><title type='text'>AM-GM 不等式的幾個證明（一）</title><content type='html'>給定 n 個正數 x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;、x&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;、…、x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;，它們的算術平均（arithmetic mean，簡稱 AM）是指它們之和除以 n，而它們的幾何平均（geometric mean，簡稱 GM）則指它們之積的 n 次方根，即&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img id="equationview" name="equationview" onload="processEquationChange()" src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?AM=%5Cfrac%7Bx_1+x_2+%5Ccdots+x_n%7Dn" align="middle" /&gt;　和　&lt;img id="equationview" name="equationview" onload="processEquationChange()" src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?GM=%5Csqrt%5Bn%5D%7Bx_1x_2%5Ccdots%20x_n%7D" align="middle" /&gt;。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;AM-GM 不等式指出，n 個正數的算術平均必定大於或等於幾何平均，而且等號成立當且僅當該 n 個數皆相等。例如：2003、3、14 的算術平均約是 673.33，幾何平均約是 43.82。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;本系列會探討 AM-GM 不等式的證明方法。今回先來一個「無言的證明（proof without words）」：&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/SqZU_x99fbI/AAAAAAAAAAo/My_mehrkRyk/s1600-h/amgm.GIF"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 256px; height: 172px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/SqZU_x99fbI/AAAAAAAAAAo/My_mehrkRyk/s320/amgm.GIF" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5379080259662347698" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;當然，以上證明只包括 n=2 的情況，純屬「欣賞指數高」之作。至於「實用指數高」的證明方法，我們下回再談。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1960486416358613238?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1960486416358613238/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1960486416358613238' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1960486416358613238'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1960486416358613238'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/09/am-gm.html' title='AM-GM 不等式的幾個證明（一）'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LWuG9MPsTNU/SqZU_x99fbI/AAAAAAAAAAo/My_mehrkRyk/s72-c/amgm.GIF' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-5244325371759418999</id><published>2009-08-16T00:16:00.005+08:00</published><updated>2009-08-24T12:18:36.777+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='academic seminar'/><title type='text'>MD Academic Seminar</title><content type='html'>數學資料庫將於本月底舉行期待已久的 academic seminar！ 詳情如下：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;日期：2009 年 8 月 30 日（星期日）&lt;br /&gt;時間：下午 4 時 30 分至 5 時 30 分&lt;br /&gt;地點：&lt;span style="color:#3333ff;"&gt;香港中文大學邵逸夫夫人樓（Lady Shaw Building）232 室&lt;/span&gt;（見註）&lt;br /&gt;講者：楊葆霖先生（普林斯頓大學數學系博士研究生）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;註：從港鐵大學站（中文大學出口）轉右，可乘坐中文大學校巴於第二個站（潤昌堂）下車，步行約兩分鐘即可抵達邵逸夫夫人樓。星期日的校巴於每小時 00、20、40 分在大學站開出，車程約 5 分鐘。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;============================================================&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;講題：淺談拓撲－－沒有長度的幾何&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;簡介：長度和角度都是幾何中常見的概念。可是如果我們只想探討物件的大約形狀（例如宇宙有多少個「洞」），我們並不真的需要討論長度與角度。拓撲學正是數學中探討這種問題的一門重要學科。講座將深入淺出地介紹拓撲學裏一些重要的概念和例子，並會討論一些初中常見的幾何定理跟拓撲學的關係。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;講座適合初中或以上學生。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Topic: A leisurely introduction to topology: geometry without lengths&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abstract: Length and angles are common concepts in geometry. However, if one is only interested in the rough shape of an object (like how many "holes" there are in our universe), then these concepts are actually irrelevant. Topology is the branch of mathematics that studies these questions. In the talk, we shall introduce some useful notions and interesting examples in topology, and discuss how some common theorems in elementary geometry relates to topology.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The talk will be accessible to students in Form 1 or above.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-5244325371759418999?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/5244325371759418999/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=5244325371759418999' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/5244325371759418999'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/5244325371759418999'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/08/md-academic-seminar.html' title='MD Academic Seminar'/><author><name>MathDB</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/18353093974880979999</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-4352180606828772403</id><published>2009-08-04T19:18:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2009-08-04T19:19:26.373+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='組合數學'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='概率'/><title type='text'>話事啤</title><content type='html'>很多以賭博為題的電視劇或電影中都會出現「&lt;a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B1%E4%BA%8B%E5%95%A4"&gt;話事啤&lt;/a&gt;」遊戲，劇中出現的賭局往往是「同花順贏四條」之類的「夢幻組合」。大家只要「實戰」一下的話，肯定會發現出現「花」或以上的牌組其實已經極其困難，即使窮畢生的精力，恐怕也未必能遇上這樣的情況。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我們不妨計算一下「花」出現的概率。五張牌的組合共有 C(52,5)=2598960 個，而「花」的組合則有 4x(C(13,5)-10)=5108 個。（這裡「4x」是因為有四門花式可選擇，「C(13,5)」是因為每次從指定花式的 13 張中選 5  張，「-10」是要除去「同花順」的可能性。）因此出現「花」的概率是 5108/2598960，即約 0.1965%，故此平均每 509  手牌才有一次「花」的出現。「夫佬」、「四條」和「同花順」要難得多，例如「同花順」出現的概率只有 40/2598960（約  0.0015%），平均每 64974 手牌才會出現一次。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;值得一提，電視劇或電影中不時會出現「三條贏蛇」的場面，而現實中亦有人採納這樣的規則。但經計算可知，「三條」出現的概率是  54912/2598960（約 2.1128%），而「蛇」出現的概率則是 10200/2598960（約  0.3925%），可見得到「三條」比「蛇」容易得多，因此「國際慣例」是「蛇贏三條」的，這也是較合理的規定。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;「甚麼也沒有」的概率是多少？只要從 1 減去「一對」、「兩對」、「三條」、「蛇」、「花」、「夫佬」、「四條」和「同花順」的概率，可得  1302540/2598960（約 50.1177%）。細看一下，原來剛好是「花」的概率的 255  倍，這不太可能是巧合吧？再想一想，你是否已經彷然大悟呢？當你再發現「蛇」的概率也正好是「同花順」的 255  倍時，你又是否在驚嘆數學竟可這樣美麗和迷人？&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-4352180606828772403?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/4352180606828772403/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=4352180606828772403' title='1 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/4352180606828772403'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/4352180606828772403'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/08/blog-post.html' title='話事啤'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-3155825418804130583</id><published>2009-07-29T21:20:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2009-07-29T21:24:46.487+08:00</updated><title type='text'>24 小時制與 12 小時制</title><content type='html'>我們知道，表示時間一般有兩種方式：24 小時制（例如 06:17、23:20 等）和 12 小時制（例如 06:07 AM、11:20 PM 等）。不同人對兩者有不同的喜好，例如有人認為我們看慣了 12 小時制的時鐘，所以用 12 小時制會較為容易，亦有人認為 24 小時制比較清晰，可以避免混淆。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;無疑，兩者都各有其好處。不過我想到一個實際的原因，使用起來還是 24 小時制比較方便的，那在於比較時間的先後次序。當我們有一些日期和時間的數據需要排序時，我們會先看年份，較小者為先，相同則看月份，再相同則看「日」，仍然相同時便要比較時間。如果是 12 小時制的話，那自然是先看上午或下午，再看「時」，再看「分」。大家試試對以下同一天內的時間排列先後次序：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;07:23 AM&lt;br /&gt;11:06 PM&lt;br /&gt;12:23 PM&lt;br /&gt;12:45 AM&lt;br /&gt;10:37 AM&lt;br /&gt;10:30 PM&lt;br /&gt;11:01 PM&lt;br /&gt;07:38 AM&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;大家看出了問題所在嗎？要把 10、11 和 12 排序時，正確的次序是 12、10、11，這和我們平日對數字的自然反應很不同。使用 24 小時制的話，這個問題便迎刃而解。當然，堅持使用 12 小時制也可以解決這個問題的 -- 只要把時鐘上的 「12」改成「0」就可以了。XD&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-3155825418804130583?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/3155825418804130583/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=3155825418804130583' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3155825418804130583'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3155825418804130583'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/07/24-12.html' title='24 小時制與 12 小時制'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-56557364311555241</id><published>2009-07-21T05:38:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2009-07-21T05:44:26.982+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='數學競賽'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='MO'/><title type='text'>IMO Q6 2009</title><content type='html'>There is this collaborative project of solving IMO Q6 2009: &lt;a href="http://terrytao.wordpress.com/2009/07/20/imo-2009-q6-as-a-mini-polymath-project/"&gt;http://terrytao.wordpress.com/2009/07/20/imo-2009-q6-as-a-mini-polymath-project/&lt;/a&gt;. Perhaps some of you will be interested in thinking about the problem together (with all the other math people around the world)? I saw Tim Gowers (a Field's medalist) constantly making comments on the various approaches that people suggest, so it might be interesting to read the comments as people make progress even if you are not actively thinking about it.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-56557364311555241?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/56557364311555241/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=56557364311555241' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/56557364311555241'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/56557364311555241'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/07/imo-q6-2009.html' title='IMO Q6 2009'/><author><name>Polam</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11453924752347507040</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8527563406230983179</id><published>2009-07-17T09:33:00.008+08:00</published><updated>2009-07-17T09:52:32.530+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Additional Mathematics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='linear algebra'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pure Mathematics'/><title type='text'>Video lectures online</title><content type='html'>I was just brought into notice that seven videotaped lectures from 1964 by the renowned physicist Richard Feynman, on "&lt;a href="http://research.microsoft.com/tuva"&gt;The Character of Physical Law&lt;/a&gt;", have been put online for public use. (I learned this from this &lt;a href="http://terrytao.wordpress.com/2009/07/15/feynmans-lectures-online/"&gt;post&lt;/a&gt; by Terry Tao, and if you're interested in these lectures by Feynman you'll also probably be interested in the following more advanced &lt;a href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/subseries/8"&gt;lectures&lt;/a&gt; that he gave.) I hope it's not too out of place to put this piece of news here, but having heard this triggered me to look online for some good math lectures as well. I found the following site, which has some good undergraduate level mathematics lectures (probably accessible to some F.6 or F.7 students too):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=" http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/courses/av/index.htm#Mathematics"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/courses/av/index.htm#Mathematics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In fact I think the first course, on &lt;a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mathematics/18-01Fall-2006/VideoLectures/index.htm"&gt;single variable calculus&lt;/a&gt;, should be good for students studying Additional mathematics. These are very good learning materials, and hopefully some of you will find it useful.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8527563406230983179?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8527563406230983179/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8527563406230983179' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8527563406230983179'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8527563406230983179'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/07/video-lectures-online.html' title='Video lectures online'/><author><name>Polam</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11453924752347507040</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-6818194419033436692</id><published>2009-07-14T18:41:00.006+08:00</published><updated>2009-07-15T10:07:49.983+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='test your intuition'/><title type='text'>Test Your Intuition</title><content type='html'>有一個網誌叫&lt;a href="http://gilkalai.wordpress.com/"&gt;"Combinatorics and More"&lt;/a&gt;。近期網誌主人有一系列"Test Your Intuition"的文章，裏面有一些問題，你要用直觀猜答案。我自己覺得是很好玩的東西。（齋睇blog文唔好玩，要睇埋comments！）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;今天我也仿傚一下，出一題test大家的intuition吧！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;若將首&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;個3的倍數都轉成二進制，當&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;很大的時候（例如&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;大於1億），你猜數字"0"與數字"1"出現的次數哪個較多？互有領先？還是其中一個出現的次數永遠比另一個多？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;（註：不考慮leading zeros！）&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-6818194419033436692?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/6818194419033436692/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=6818194419033436692' title='2 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6818194419033436692'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6818194419033436692'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/07/test-your-intuition.html' title='Test Your Intuition'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-489035148075917550</id><published>2009-07-02T15:45:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2009-07-02T15:52:32.426+08:00</updated><title type='text'>充滿數學哲理的名言（二）</title><content type='html'>本文再談一個充滿數學哲理的名言：「&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 102);"&gt;大膽假設，小心求證&lt;/span&gt;」。這句名言是中國近代學者胡適於五四運動期間提出的科學精神。用於數學，這句話特別有意思。最近我在一個測驗中給了學生一道題：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);"&gt;現要在一個 3x3 表格的九格中分別填上 1 至 9。若兩個相鄰的方格的兩數中，一個是另一個的倍數，則這兩個方格稱為「好對」。求「好對」的數目的最大可能值。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這題不難，經過一些試驗後，很多學生都得到一個 9 個「好對」的例子：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;８　２　６&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;４　１　３&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;５　７　９&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;當然，這並不足夠，因為題目是求「好對」的數目的最大可能值，你怎知道這是最大呢？於是學生開始「證明」起來：「由於 1 可組成最多好對，為使好對的數目最多，所以 1 應該放在中間；2 可組成第二多的好對，所以應該放在一行或一列的中間，……」&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;「1 應該放在中間」是很自然的想法，這源自我們「對數學的感覺」。這份「數學感」是很重要的，因為解決數學問題時我們很多事不會預知結果，而是要找出結果再作證明，過程中這份「感覺」往往可以指導我們作出合理的猜測，此乃「大膽假設」。在「有感覺」的前提下，我們的假設不妨大膽一點（注意「大膽假設」異於「隨意猜測」，前者是基於理性的「數學感」的），事實上數學的發展是很靠創意和想像力的，而作出假設也可以給我們清晰的目標。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;可是數學對證明的要求是十分嚴謹的，說某些數字「應該」放在某些地方，從證明的角度看其實是「說了等於沒說」，我們得提出確實的證據來說明我們的假設是對的，此乃「小心求證」。事實上這些來自我們的「直覺」的假設有些時候是不正確的，例如：有些人也許會認為「由於 5 和 7 都只能和 1 組成好對，因此 1 應該和 5、7 都相鄰」，這個假設看起來似乎也合理，但卻是錯的（要知道它確實是錯的話，也得「小心求證」！）。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;由此可見，「大膽假設」固然重要，但「小心求證」也同樣重要。大家可以動手「小心求證」一下，在上題中「好對」數目的最大可能值的確是 9。這裡方法有很多，最常見的方法是考慮 5 和 7 的位置的可能性，另有一個更漂亮和簡潔的證明，是分別考慮「牽涉 1、2 的好對」和「不牽涉 1、2 的好對」的數目，大家不妨試試。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-489035148075917550?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/489035148075917550/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=489035148075917550' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/489035148075917550'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/489035148075917550'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/07/blog-post.html' title='充滿數學哲理的名言（二）'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8309151419384872340</id><published>2009-06-22T20:50:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2009-07-02T15:45:23.119+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='概率'/><title type='text'>充滿數學哲理的名言（一）</title><content type='html'>有些名言充滿數學哲理，本文選談兩個和概率論有關的名言。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"&gt;上得山多終遇虎&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這句話原指走到山上要面對老虎帶來的危險，即使一次沒有遇到，但如果不斷上山的話，總會有遇到老虎的一天，通常用作比喻做壞事的人終會受到制裁。這話背後有甚麼數學哲理呢？假設每次上山「遇虎」的概率為 p (&gt;0)，且上山 n 次後遇虎最少一次的概率是 P&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;，則 P&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; = 1 - (1-p)&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt;，故此不難發現當 n 趨向無限大時，P&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; 的值趨向 1，應驗了「終遇虎」的結論！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-weight: bold;"&gt;一鳥在手勝過二鳥在林&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這句話相信是出自英語的「One bird in hand is worth two in the bush」，不論中英文版本都有一些「變種」，主要是把「二」變成其他數字，不過意思也都相同，就是說「實在」勝過「浮雲」，有時則用以比喻要珍惜現在，別奢求無法得到的東西。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這話背後又有甚麼數學哲理？一鳥在手是否勝過二鳥在林，表面上視乎「在林」的鳥可以「到手」的概率 p，也就是視乎「二鳥在林」的期望值（expected value）。如果 p&gt;0.5 的話，則「二鳥在林」的期望值是比「一鳥」高的。那麼為甚麼有一鳥在手「勝過」二鳥在林的說法呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;很多時候，我們下決定時都不只看期望值。舉例說，假設你的身家有 n 元，現讓你從一副紙牌中抽兩張，如果抽到黑桃 A 和紅心 A 的話獎你 100000 n 元，否則輸掉 n 元，遊戲只可玩一次。這個遊戲的期望值是個很大的正數（當然是相對 n 而言），你願意參加嗎？ 除了期望值外，離差（dispersion）也會影響我們的決定，例如標準差（standard variation）是一個常見的離差指標。一般來說，我們希望離差越小越好，於是以上遊戲中正數的期望值便不足以彌補很大的離差。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這就解釋了一鳥在手為何可以勝過二鳥在林了 -- 因為「一鳥在手」時標準差是零，而「二鳥在林」時標準差是正數呢！&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8309151419384872340?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8309151419384872340/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8309151419384872340' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8309151419384872340'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8309151419384872340'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/06/blog-post_22.html' title='充滿數學哲理的名言（一）'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-2566138438542839882</id><published>2009-06-20T14:27:00.005+08:00</published><updated>2009-06-20T15:40:51.363+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='combinatorics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='generating function'/><title type='text'>Convolution Technique in Generating Function (2)</title><content type='html'>It is quite unexpected that the second part of this passage is posted three months later. Anyway, let me post the link to the &lt;a href="http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/03/convolution-technique-in-generating.html" target="_new"&gt;first part of this passage&lt;/a&gt;. Here, I am going to discuss another counting problem which we can use convolution technique to solve.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let me recall the key idea again. Convolution of generating functions can be useful when we try to count a class of combinatorial objects, while these objects can be constructed by joining two smaller objects of size &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;k&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;M-k&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here comes the question, which looks really unfavourite when you first see it. An &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; by &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; square matrix &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;M&lt;/span&gt; satisfies the following conditions: (1) every entry is a non-negative integer; (2) the sum of entries in each column is &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;-1; (3) for any two entries which are both positive, denote the coordinates by &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?%28x_1,y_1%29" /&gt; and &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?%28x_2,y_2%29" /&gt;, then &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?%28x_1-x_2%29%28y_1-y_2%29%5Cgeq%200" /&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Below shows a few 4 by 4 matrices which satisfy the three conditions:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%200%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%201%20&amp;amp;%203%5C%5C%201%20&amp;amp;%203%20&amp;amp;%202%20&amp;amp;%200%5C%5C%201%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%200%5C%5C%201%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%200%20%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D" /&gt;, &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%201%20&amp;amp;%203%20&amp;amp;%203%20&amp;amp;%203%5C%5C%200%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%200%5C%5C%201%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%200%5C%5C%201%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%200%20%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D" /&gt;, &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%200%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%201%5C%5C%200%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%203%20&amp;amp;%202%5C%5C%200%20&amp;amp;%203%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%200%5C%5C%203%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%200%20&amp;amp;%200%20%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first two conditions can be easily visualized. The third condition can be visualized as follows: for any non-zero entry, its north-west and south-east direction entries must be all zero.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I will generalize by counting the number of &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;p &lt;/span&gt;(number of columns) by &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;q&lt;/span&gt; (number of rows) matrices satisfying the three conditions (note: the sum of each column is &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;fixed&lt;/span&gt; to be &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;-1). Let the number of such &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt; by &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;q&lt;/span&gt; matrices be &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?f%28p,q%29" /&gt;. Then our target is finding &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?f%28n,n%29" /&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Suppose &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?M%281,k%29" /&gt; denote the entry in the first column such that it is the toppest entry in the first column with non-zero entries (i.e. &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?M%281,j%29=0" /&gt; for all &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?j%3Ek" /&gt;.) So the matrix looks like:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_AFAdRoQL7OY/SjyNt_zOHUI/AAAAAAAAAEA/YLIXFanEc3E/s1600-h/convolution01.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 294px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_AFAdRoQL7OY/SjyNt_zOHUI/AAAAAAAAAEA/YLIXFanEc3E/s400/convolution01.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5349306278769204546" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The black parts will be with all zero entries (by definition of &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?M%281,k%29" /&gt; and by condition 3). So the construction of this matrix can be divided into two parts:&lt;br /&gt;a) constructing a 1 by &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;k&lt;/span&gt; sub-matrix such that&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?M%281,1%29+M%281,2%29+%5Ccdots+M%281,k-1%29+M%281,k%29=n-1" /&gt; with &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?M%281,1%29,M%281,2%29%5Ccdots,M%281,k-1%29%5Cgeq%200" /&gt; and &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?M%281,k%29%5Cgeq%201" /&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b) constructing the (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;p-&lt;/span&gt;1) by (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;q-k+&lt;/span&gt;1) sub-matrix &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; such that the three conditions are satisfied.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By simple combinatorics, there are &lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?%5Cbinom%7Bn+k-3%7D%7Bn-2%7D" /&gt; ways to construct part a) (if you do not see why, read the notes &lt;a href="http://www.mathdb.org/notes_download/elementary/combinatorics/de_D1.pdf" target="_new"&gt;"Combinations and Permutations"&lt;/a&gt; in Mathematical Database; in particular, it is page 10 to 14) and by definition, there are &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?f%28p-1,q-k+1%29" /&gt; ways to construct part b). As &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;k&lt;/span&gt; can be any value between 1 and &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;q&lt;/span&gt; (inclusive), we have the recurrence relation:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?f%28p,q%29%20=%20%5Csum_%7Bk=1%7D%5Eq%20%5Cbinom%7Bn+k-3%7D%7Bn-2%7D%20f%28p-1,q-k+1%29" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Compare this recurrence to the one for Catalan numbers. Do you see the similarity? If so, try to continue. I will complete this passage a few days later (hopefully...).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-2566138438542839882?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/2566138438542839882/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=2566138438542839882' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/2566138438542839882'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/2566138438542839882'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/06/convolution-technique-in-generating.html' title='Convolution Technique in Generating Function (2)'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_AFAdRoQL7OY/SjyNt_zOHUI/AAAAAAAAAEA/YLIXFanEc3E/s72-c/convolution01.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1109378436039028189</id><published>2009-06-10T20:28:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2009-06-10T21:04:28.954+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='概率'/><title type='text'>概率證明</title><content type='html'>有些時候，我們可以利用概率的性質來證明一些組合題。即使題目本身看來和概率毫不相干，但加入了概率的考慮往往可以讓我們得出一個簡潔的證明。以下提供一個例子。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"&gt;問題：&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"&gt;某學校響應微調政策，開辦的 n 個科目均設中文班和英文班。每位同學均可自由選讀不同的科目，數量不限，但同一科目不可同時報讀中文班和英文班。已知對任意兩個科目，均存在一名學生以不同語文同時修讀兩科。若每科最多有 10 名學生修讀，求 n 的最大可能值。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;大家看下去前，不妨先停下來自己動動腦筋。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;解答：&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;n 的最大可能值是 1024。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;我們首先注意到 n=1024 是可能的：如果全校有 10 位學生，每人均報讀全部 1024 個科目，且學生 i 報讀第 j 個科目的中文班當且僅當 j 的二進制表示中右方數起的第 i 個位是 1（否則報讀第 j 個科目的英文班），則不難檢查得知這符合題中的條件。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;以下證明 n 不可大於 1024。假設學生入學時會被隨機編成「中文人」或「英文人」。設 E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt; 表示事件「第 i 個科目的學生全部選讀了對應自己身份的語文班」，則由於每科最多有 10 名學生修讀，故 P(E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;) ≧ 1/2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt; = 1/1024。再者，由「&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;對任意兩個科目，均存在一名學生以不同語文同時修讀兩科&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;」可知 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;、&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;、…、&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt; 是互斥事件，故此&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;1 ≧ P(&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;∪&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;∪…∪&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;) = P(&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;) + P(&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) + ... + P(&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;) ≧ n/1024，&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);"&gt;從而必有 n≦1024。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這個帶點神秘感的概率題解，某程度上其實對應一些數算的技巧，再用概率加以包裝。概率證明還可以處理一些更複雜的情況，例如可以使用 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovasz_local_lemma"&gt;Lovasz local lemma&lt;/a&gt; 來處理一些難以準確計算的概率，有興趣的讀者可點擊上方的連結細看。順帶一提，證明以上定理的 Lovasz 曾在國際數學奧林匹克（IMO）奪得三金一銀，而他的兒子至今亦已在 IMO 奪得一金一銀！&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1109378436039028189?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1109378436039028189/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1109378436039028189' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1109378436039028189'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1109378436039028189'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/06/blog-post.html' title='概率證明'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-5275302141356620920</id><published>2009-05-24T12:53:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2009-05-24T12:57:46.110+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='countability'/><title type='text'>Two Problems about Countability</title><content type='html'>Recently I heard two related problems about countability. They should be good exercises for  mathematial analysis amateur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Below N denotes the set of natural numbers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first question is, is there exists an uncountable collection of &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;finite&lt;/span&gt; subsets of N, such that for any two subsets A and B in the collection, one is the subset of another?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second question is, is there exists an uncountable collection of subsets of N, such that for any two subsets A and B in the collection, one is the subset of another?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;------&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first question is very easy. The second question is a bit tricky.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-5275302141356620920?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/5275302141356620920/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=5275302141356620920' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/5275302141356620920'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/5275302141356620920'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/05/two-problems-about-countability.html' title='Two Problems about Countability'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-1028456481998067599</id><published>2009-05-22T13:39:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2009-05-22T13:45:33.133+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='四捨五入'/><title type='text'>四捨五入</title><content type='html'>日前有&lt;a href="http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20090520/00176_021.html"&gt;報章報導&lt;/a&gt;，東亞銀行的網上系統有漏洞，只要不斷透過四捨五入造成的誤差，便可安坐家中賺取利潤。本文談談「四捨五入」這個數學上常用的取近似值的方法。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;四捨五入的原理很簡單，基本上就是「向較接近的一方取近似值，以減少誤差」。例如，要把123.456 取小數點後一位的近似值，則因為 123.456 界乎 123.4 和 123.5 之間，而且較接近後者，因此我們取 123.5 作為近似值。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這裡有一個小問題，就是「較接近的一方」並不一定存在，例如把 123.450 捨入至 123.4 和 123.5 都是「同樣接近」的，故此我們根據「五入」的規則，把 123.450 向上捨入至 123.5。但這樣做的話得出的近似值會偏大。如果只是把 123.450 變成 123.5 當然問題不大，不過如果是 1.5 變 2，或 10.5 變 11 的話，而且經常要「五入」的話（這樣的例子是存在的，例如以 0.5 分為評分單位但最終分數必定是整數的考試），那就很不同了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;為了解決這個「偏大」的問題，一個「修正版」的四捨五入法是「四捨六入五留雙（banker's rounding）」。名字本身有點誤導：雖然叫「六入」，但其實是「(5+ε)入」，例如 123.456 仍會「(5.6)入」至 123.5。只是當出現 123.450 這些「打和」的情況時，才採用「五留雙」的規則：如果 5 字前的位是雙數則保留，單數則進位，故基於「4」是雙數，123.450 會向下捨入至 123.4，而 123.550 則會上捨入至 123.6。至於「banker」是否真的採用此規則，大家不妨測試一下。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;那麼為甚麼要「留雙」而不是「留單」呢？我有以下猜測。在以上 123.456 的例子中，如果採用四捨五入法取小數點後一位的近似值，則會變成 123.5，如果再把近似值取最接近整數，則變成 124。問題是最接近 123.456 的整數應是 123 才對。再細看一下，我們發現其實 123.44...445 已經可以「合法地」變成 124：只要逐位「五入」即可，而且即使採用「四捨六入五留單」，同樣的情況仍會發生。採用「五留雙」的話，這樣的情況會得到一點點的改善（雖然也好不到哪裡）：123.4500...001 才可以「合法地」變成 124！&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-1028456481998067599?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/1028456481998067599/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=1028456481998067599' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1028456481998067599'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/1028456481998067599'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/05/blog-post_22.html' title='四捨五入'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-6891473311312437483</id><published>2009-05-11T11:11:00.012+08:00</published><updated>2009-05-21T13:55:07.023+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='linear algebra'/><title type='text'>Some linear algebra</title><content type='html'>These days some of my friends discussed some linear algebra problems with me. I found them quite interesting, so let me post some of them here.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. If A and B are square matrices of the same size, then the spectrums of AB and BA are the same. More precisely, the generalized eigenvalues of AB and BA over the complex numbers occur with the same multiplicity. This is clear when A is invertible, because then AB and BA are similar. If A is not invertible, then we can approximate A by invertible matrices. The spectrum of AB is just the zeroes of det(xI-AB) (counted with multiplicities). The claim then follows easily. This generalizes the fact that the traces and determinants of AB and BA are the same.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. If A and B are real square matrices of the same size and if there is a complex matrix U such that &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?A = U^{-1} B U"/&gt;, then there is a real matrix M such that &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?A = M^{-1} B M"/&gt;. In other words, if two real matrices are similar over the complex numbers, then they are similar over the reals. Proof: Look at the equation MA = BM, where M is a square matrix of the same size as A and B. This is a linear system of equations in the entries of M with real coefficients. Hence if S_c is the complex vector space of complex matrices that satisfy this equation and S_r is the real vector space of real matrices that satisfy the same equation, then the complex dimension of S_c is the same as the real dimension of S_r. Now by assumption this dimension is at least 1. We want to find a real matrix in S_r that is invertible. Let &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?M_1, \dots, M_k"/&gt; be a basis of S_r over the reals. Then this is also a basis of S_c over the complex. By assumption there is a linear combination &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?z_1M_1 + \dots + z_kM_k"/&gt; over the complex numbers whose determinant is non-zero. Hence the polynomial &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?det(z_1M_1 + \dots + z_kM_k)"/&gt; in &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?z_1, \dots, z_k"/&gt; does not vanish identically over &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?\mathbb{C}^k"/&gt;. It follows that this polynomial cannot vanish identically over &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?\mathbb{R}^k"/&gt;. Hence there is a real linear combination of &lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?M_1, \dots, M_k"/&gt; that is invertible. This finishes the proof.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. This is more or less for my own benefit, to recall the following proof of the well-known fact that any normal matrix is diagonalizable over C. Key: Assume A is normal, i.e. A commutes with A*. Then if x is an eigenvector of A, x is also an eigenvector of A*. In fact if Ax = tx, then &lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.codecogs.com/eq.latex?0 = \langle(A-tI)x, (A-tI)x\rangle = \langle(A^*-\overline{t} I)x, (A^*-\overline{t} I) x\rangle "/&gt; &lt;br /&gt;when A commutes with A*. This allows us to proceed by induction on the dimension of the vector space: first pick any eigenvector x of A. Then its orthogonal complement is preserved by A, because x is also an eigenvector of A*. Hence we can reduce to one dimension lower, and by induction this completes the proof.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-6891473311312437483?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/6891473311312437483/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=6891473311312437483' title='1 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6891473311312437483'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6891473311312437483'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/05/some-linear-algebra.html' title='Some linear algebra'/><author><name>Polam</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11453924752347507040</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-6043690846544935111</id><published>2009-05-01T00:00:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2009-05-06T12:45:50.396+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='組合數學'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='combinatorics'/><title type='text'>一道組合題－－題解</title><content type='html'>　　這是&lt;a href="http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/04/blog-post_27.html"&gt;上文&lt;/a&gt;提到的組合數學題題解。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　若小方塊是橫放的，我們設它蓋著 &lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt; 和 &lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt; + 1。這個小方格蓋著的數字的積是 &lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt; + 1)，不難驗算它和 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:blue;"&gt;0.5[&lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + (&lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt; + 1)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:green;"&gt;- 0.5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; 等價。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　若小方塊是縱放的，我們設它蓋著 &lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt; 和 &lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt; + 10。這個小方格蓋著的數字的積是 &lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt; + 10)，不難驗算它和 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:blue;"&gt;0.5[&lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + (&lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt; + 10)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:green;"&gt;- 50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; 等價。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　假設 &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; 個小方塊是橫放的，50 − &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; 個小方塊是直放的。當我們把這 50 個積加起來時，不難發現我們必定把 0.5 × 1&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;、0.5 × 2&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;、0.5 × 3&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;、……、0.5 × 100&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 都在藍色的部分加了一次，而綠色的部分則為 &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; 個 -0.5 及 (50 - &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;) 個 -50。我們注意 &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; 的值不影響前半部分，只影響後半部分的和。因此，為使這個和盡量大，我們應使後半部分盡量大。不難得知當 &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; 是 50 時，這個和便達到最大值 0.5(1&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + 2&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + ... + 100&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) - 50 × 0.5 = 169150；同理，當 &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; 是 0 時，這個和便達到最小值 0.5(1&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + 2&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + ... + 100&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) - 50 × 50 = 166675。因為我們可用 50 個橫放的小方格或 50 個直放的小方格蓋著方格表，所以這兩個值都是可取的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　由上述討論可知，我們只需知道橫放的小方塊的數量，便可求得該和。我們可由填色的方法證明，橫放的小方塊的數量必定是在 0 至 50 之間的共 26 個偶數。因此這個和共有 26 個可能值。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-6043690846544935111?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/6043690846544935111/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=6043690846544935111' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6043690846544935111'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6043690846544935111'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/05/blog-post.html' title='一道組合題－－題解'/><author><name>Andy Chan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00595673356023147822</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-2173800195454635684</id><published>2009-04-27T15:30:00.005+08:00</published><updated>2009-05-06T12:46:11.101+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='組合數學'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='combinatorics'/><title type='text'>一道組合題</title><content type='html'>　　最近我從朋友口中得知一道有趣的組合題，其題解十分有趣。各位可以試試。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　在一個 10 × 10 的方格表裏，已由上至下，由左至右順序填好 1 至 100 這 100 個整數（即第一橫行順序填好 1 至 10，第二橫行填好 11 至 20，如此類推）。現在我們用 50 個 1 × 2 的小方塊沒有重覆地蓋著這 100 個方格（縱放或橫放皆可）。蓋好後，我們將每一個小方塊蓋著的兩個數字分別乘起來，然後求這 50 個乘積的和。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;問題一：這個和的最大可能值和最小可能值是甚麼？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;問題二：這個和共有多少個可能值？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　我找到了一個不消十五行的解答。這題解以不變量 (invariant) 為主要技巧。我會在 5 月 1 日公佈我的答案。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-2173800195454635684?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/2173800195454635684/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=2173800195454635684' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/2173800195454635684'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/2173800195454635684'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/04/blog-post_27.html' title='一道組合題'/><author><name>Andy Chan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00595673356023147822</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-6886300861346955288</id><published>2009-04-26T14:26:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2009-04-26T14:32:04.116+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='活動'/><title type='text'>數學講座</title><content type='html'>日期：2009 年 4 月 28 日（星期二）&lt;br /&gt;時間：下午 2 時 30 分至 5 時（活動包括講座及參觀）&lt;br /&gt;地點：香港大學明華綜合大樓 T2 演講廳&lt;br /&gt;講者：蕭文強教授&lt;br /&gt;講題：Does Applied Mathematics Exist? -- A Lesson from Godfrey Harold Hardy&lt;br /&gt;簡介：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:100%;"&gt;A discussion of this issue  would touch upon various aspects of science, involving deep and philosophical  questions. With a far more modest aim and scope this talk looks at the issue  through some episodes in the work of one mathematician of the last century,  Godfrey Harold Hardy (1877-1947).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有關其他詳情，可瀏覽&lt;a href="http://hku.orientalecom2.com/events_detail.php?id=22"&gt;這裡&lt;/a&gt;。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-6886300861346955288?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/6886300861346955288/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=6886300861346955288' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6886300861346955288'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/6886300861346955288'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/04/blog-post.html' title='數學講座'/><author><name>Kahoo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04608296510896520430</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8702273418912725441</id><published>2009-04-24T16:38:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2009-04-24T16:46:53.871+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='context free grammar'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='induction'/><title type='text'>Context Free Grammar Exercise</title><content type='html'>雖然題目是英文，但內容是中文的。因為不知道context free grammar的中文。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;雖然context free grammar是計算機理論的東西，但原理其實都是數學。以下是一條典型的習題。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;以下是五個規矩：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1) S -&gt; SS&lt;br /&gt;2) S -&gt; aSbb&lt;br /&gt;3) S -&gt; bbSa&lt;br /&gt;4) S -&gt; bSaSb&lt;br /&gt;5) S -&gt; e（即empty的意思）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;玩法是這樣的。舉例說，你一開始你有一個S。&lt;br /&gt;你可以用 1) 變成SS。&lt;br /&gt;對第一個S你可以用 2)，可變成 aSbbS 。&lt;br /&gt;對上一行的第二個S用 3) ，可變成 aSbbbbSa 。&lt;br /&gt;對上一行的兩個S都用 5)，可變成 abbbba 。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;還有一個規矩，就是最後生成的字串是不可以有S的存在。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;讀者應該不難知道所有用這五個規矩生成的字串，b的數目是a的數目的兩倍。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;但問題來了。是否所有b的數目是a的數目兩倍的字串，都可使用這五個規矩生成出來？&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8702273418912725441?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8702273418912725441/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8702273418912725441' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8702273418912725441'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8702273418912725441'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/04/context-free-grammar-exercise.html' title='Context Free Grammar Exercise'/><author><name>Marco_Dick</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03383264762268852803</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-4773005292698667398</id><published>2009-04-18T23:50:00.039+08:00</published><updated>2009-04-21T18:23:12.483+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='exhibition'/><title type='text'>An Exhibition about Mathematics</title><content type='html'>A few days ago I went to an exhibition called "Mathema". Below are some random pics I took at the exhibition. (Highlight the space to see the answer.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen6lVZe7bI/AAAAAAAAACA/zMTFgk_DzrQ/s1600-h/cimg0913.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen6lVZe7bI/AAAAAAAAACA/zMTFgk_DzrQ/s200/cimg0913.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326063553648455090" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What is the purpose of this machine?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Answer: &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;For computing binary numbers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen6y9BDQjI/AAAAAAAAACI/EKl5ja_l2GY/s1600-h/cimg0915.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen6y9BDQjI/AAAAAAAAACI/EKl5ja_l2GY/s200/cimg0915.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326063787621696050" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Can you relate this picture to a famous parable?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Answer: &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;"The parable of the rice grains".&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen7EzeMBqI/AAAAAAAAACQ/ZxvIt0xvRkE/s1600-h/cimg0916.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 150px; height: 200px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen7EzeMBqI/AAAAAAAAACQ/ZxvIt0xvRkE/s200/cimg0916.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326064094297196194" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;What is the purpose of this machine?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Answer: &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;The Germans used this machine for sending encrypted messages (known as the Caesar's code) during WWII.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt; Note that the the three vertical wheels (just above the keys) will turn the keys, and they allow three degrees of freedom for doing encryption.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt; The guide told us that the British actually broke the code during the war, as the Germans did not use the machine in a careful way. (They always begin their messages with Dear ... ==" )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen7Pmx2bOI/AAAAAAAAACY/jke9PwpY7lk/s1600-h/cimg0920.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen7Pmx2bOI/AAAAAAAAACY/jke9PwpY7lk/s200/cimg0920.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326064279868566754" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen77qvGZLI/AAAAAAAAACo/Ae_Ujf0u9a4/s1600-h/cimg0921.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen77qvGZLI/AAAAAAAAACo/Ae_Ujf0u9a4/s200/cimg0921.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326065036845016242" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Why are the above two maps different?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;tance, an area r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Answer: &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;Each of th&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;e two maps preserve a certain quantity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;: distance and area respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen8rGZ-GwI/AAAAAAAAAC4/rmIMEco0GG8/s1600-h/cimg0926.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen8rGZ-GwI/AAAAAAAAAC4/rmIMEco0GG8/s200/cimg0926.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326065851726437122" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These two books list out the first 4 million digits of pi!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen9u6PaC9I/AAAAAAAAADA/39VJaNghuUc/s1600-h/cimg0928.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 150px; height: 200px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen9u6PaC9I/AAAAAAAAADA/39VJaNghuUc/s200/cimg0928.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326067016692009938" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You can "see" how the Pythagoras' Theorem works by turning the wheel!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen-j1aKgbI/AAAAAAAAADI/wlv_4py4FaM/s1600-h/cimg0935.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen-j1aKgbI/AAAAAAAAADI/wlv_4py4FaM/s200/cimg0935.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326067925928018354" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;     &lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen-tYfED3I/AAAAAAAAADQ/1YjMNgl9UsM/s1600-h/cimg0936.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 150px; height: 200px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen-tYfED3I/AAAAAAAAADQ/1YjMNgl9UsM/s200/cimg0936.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326068089962631026" border="0" /&gt;   &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is what NASA sent to the space for aliens to read~&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/SeoJKI2PIFI/AAAAAAAAADo/Dgc3ZRZAnzk/s1600-h/cimg0944.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/SeoJKI2PIFI/AAAAAAAAADo/Dgc3ZRZAnzk/s200/cimg0944.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326079579097342034" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Why is this number so special?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Answer: &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;This number is called "googol", and the name of the famous search engine "google" was inspired by it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen_KV0P2dI/AAAAAAAAADY/88W7hp6OzGM/s1600-h/cimg0939.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 150px; height: 200px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen_KV0P2dI/AAAAAAAAADY/88W7hp6OzGM/s200/cimg0939.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326068587462384082" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Along which path will a ball from the upper point reach the lower point in the least time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Answer: &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;Along the curve. This is the famous "Brachistochrone curve".&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt; This curve has another remarkable property: the time it takes for the ball to reach the lowest point is always the same, regardless of the starting point!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/SeoDdDpR3lI/AAAAAAAAADg/GcyG5hGS7Jo/s1600-h/cimg0945.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/SeoDdDpR3lI/AAAAAAAAADg/GcyG5hGS7Jo/s200/cimg0945.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326073307048566354" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mathematicians regard this as the most beautiful theorem in the world. This formula appears so simple but yet it involves some of the most important constants: 1, 0, e, i, pi.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-4773005292698667398?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/4773005292698667398/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=4773005292698667398' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/4773005292698667398'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/4773005292698667398'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/04/exhibition-about-mathematics.html' title='An Exhibition about Mathematics'/><author><name>Sarah</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02723182556461629097</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__Yu1UKi9X-U/Sen6lVZe7bI/AAAAAAAAACA/zMTFgk_DzrQ/s72-c/cimg0913.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8334806181904299021</id><published>2009-04-08T01:30:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2009-04-08T01:33:06.902+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='小學'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='集體回憶'/><title type='text'>小學集體回憶系列(3) 過界</title><content type='html'>「老師，佢過界！」&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;到底由幾時開始，你不再理會隔鄰的同學有否「過界」？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;初小時是分組上堂的，六、七張桌子貼在一起成「T」字形，謂之一組。由於小學生上課太多文具、書簿了，於是就衍生了一個問題，有時你的物品會越過桌與桌之間的邊界，佔用了同學小小的空間，謂之「過界」。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;被人「過界」為甚麼要立即出聲？第一，你那小小的面積被侵犯了，基於常識科/社會科中「香港地少人多、寸金尺土」的教誨，你要維護自己的重要權益；第二，你雖然不介意空間被佔，但那同學可能想試探你是否懦弱好恰，你需要向他示威；第三，那同學是異性，你不想被傳緋聞。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;當你上中學、大學，雖然還是有跟同學一起坐的機會，但你實在不太在意他們有否過界。因為你已經明白，那張桌子其實不是你的。由桌子到學校、社會、世界，你只是它們的過客，你對它們既無「主權」，也無「歸屬感」可言。世故而老練的你，知道成年人反正是彼此利用，於是你不介意被人「過界」了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;如果你曾向老師投訴同學「過界」，那你當年也是一個天真無邪的小孩子。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8334806181904299021?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8334806181904299021/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8334806181904299021' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8334806181904299021'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8334806181904299021'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/04/3.html' title='小學集體回憶系列(3) 過界'/><author><name>Adam Leung</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16497060501238114355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-8648283150193076986</id><published>2009-03-30T21:03:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2009-04-08T01:33:29.091+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='小學'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='集體回憶'/><title type='text'>小學集體回憶系列(2) 帶分數</title><content type='html'>上個學期我改科大MATH202 (Introduction to Real Analysis) 的考試，最大得著是發現了兩件事：第一，原來很多學生不懂factorize 1- x^3；第二，原來有人還在用帶分數表示數值。&lt;br /&gt;大家回想一下，你學分數時只是小三，當時老師是以切薄餅來解釋的。到了下學期，你終於儲夠錢買超過一個薄餅，於是老師便教你「帶分數」和「假分數」，而之前的分數被喚作「真分數」。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;這不是很神奇嗎？少過一塊薄餅，怎樣切都是「真」的；超過一塊薄餅，你把它切開後，它就會成為「假」；當你保留完整的薄餅，再併上那些加埋不足一塊的剩餘物資，那就叫「帶」。那麼，這個「帶」，它就包含了完整與真實，但你把它重組，就會發現它虛假的本質。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;但，做這樣的區別有意義嗎？當你上到中學、大學後，分數線上下的，都是甚麼 x-1 啊、e^x 的代數，你不知道她們實際上是甚麼數值，只知道她們的善變，於是真真假假，從此變得面目模糊。你小時候堅信那誓不兩立的真分數和假分數，已經分不開了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;唯獨帶分數這狡徒，他是真與假之間的賢者。你以為他已經棄世隱居了？不，在真假已沒有界線的塵世裡，他是一位入世的大隱士。當你要integrate (x+1)/(x-1) 時，他會告訴你：其實可以先化作 1 + 2/(x-1) 。嗟？豈非似曾相識？&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-8648283150193076986?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/8648283150193076986/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=8648283150193076986' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8648283150193076986'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/8648283150193076986'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/03/2.html' title='小學集體回憶系列(2) 帶分數'/><author><name>Adam Leung</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16497060501238114355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2237906900456925233.post-3528696347800366434</id><published>2009-03-29T00:48:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2009-03-29T00:49:45.307+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='小學'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='除號'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='除法'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='集體回憶'/><title type='text'>小學集體回憶系列(1) 除號</title><content type='html'>各位大朋友，請問你上一次用除號是幾時的事？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;除法，小二已經學到。除號，大家在小學時寫過千百次。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;但你上到中學、大學後，基本上你是不會用除號的。反正把所有數都視為分數相乘，一條長得離譜的分數線就可以取代除號，就像日出時的地平線，上天下地一目了然，省卻了除號製造的混亂。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;年紀跟我相約的朋友，上中學的年代正值電腦走入家庭。在鍵盤上除號更是無一席位，取而代之的是一個斜體的分數線" / "。當你要用電腦來打數式時，也會用equation editor附設的分數功能，而不會去找那個沒有歸宿的除號。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;其實即使使用分數，乘號和" ... "都有其他用處。乘號在AL或大學可以表示cross multiplication，又或者，在每集的《全職獵人》開頭你會看到「乜乜X乜乜X乜乜」的標題，海報上也有「港樂X李克勤」的標題，就算是電玩也會有"藥水 X 3"、"手榴彈 X 5"的顯示。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;至於代表餘數的" ... "，用途更厲害，只要你有用電腦同人溝通，無論是forum還是MSN，都一定會有" ... "。或者有點本末倒置，其實代表餘數只是她的兼職，她本來是一個沈默又猶豫的省略號。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;除號是一位哀怨的宮娥，你曾經常常見到她，但你還未認識她，就已把她遺忘。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2237906900456925233-3528696347800366434?l=mathdb.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/feeds/3528696347800366434/comments/default' title='張貼意見'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2237906900456925233&amp;postID=3528696347800366434' title='0 個意見'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3528696347800366434'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2237906900456925233/posts/default/3528696347800366434'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathdb.blogspot.com/2009/03/1.html' title='小學集體回憶系列(1) 除號'/><author><name>Adam Leung</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16497060501238114355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
