For example, how can we tell the distance between HK and Beijing from a world map? When we draw a line on the map joining HK and Beijing, what is the path that is traced on the globe? If 2 straight line segments have the same length on the map, must the 2 corresponding paths have the same length on the globe?
Actually, the above problems depend on how the map was created.
When we create a map of the globe (or some portion of the globe), we might want our map to possess some nice properties such as:
- The map should be planar (or flat), so that it is more convenient for us to laid it down on a table and draw on it.
- Any “straight line segment”* on the globe should correspond to a straight line segment on the planar map, so that it is easy for us to trace a shortest path between any 2 points (by using a ruler to draw a straight line segment on the map for instance).
- The shape of any region on the globe is preserved on the map. For example, an equiangular triangle on the map should correspond to an equiangular triangle** on the globe.
- The map has a fixed scale, which means the lengths of any 2 paths on the globe is decreased by the same factor on the corresponding paths on the map.
Here comes a problem which intrigued many Navigators and Mathematicians hundreds of years ago, and is central in Cartography.
Can we create a map which possesses one or more of the above attributes?
Before we reveal the answers, please think about it first!
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* For simplicity, suppose the globe is a perfect sphere. We know that a sphere is curved, so what is a “straight line” on a sphere? Imagine we’re walking “straight” on large sphere, our path actually traces an arc of a great circle (which is a circle which has the same center as the sphere it is lying on). It can be proved, by undergraduate calculus, that a shortest path between 2 points on a sphere is the minor arc of a great circle. Hence, a “straight line segment” on a sphere is actually an arc of a great circle.
**A triangle on a sphere is a region on the sphere which is bounded by 3 straight lines (i.e. 3 arcs of great circles) on the sphere. An angle at a point P on the sphere formed by 2 great arcs meeting at P is the angle between the tangents of the 2 arcs at P.